Systems, Methods, and Devices for Sample Collection, Stabilization and Preservation

ABSTRACT

Herein, systems and methods are disclosed including a sample acquisition component (SAC) for user-friendly sample collection, a separation component for optional separation of plasma, and one or more stabilization components for stabilizing analytes. In a particular embodiment, the system and methods are directed towards sample collection and stabilization with optional sample separation. Other embodiments can perform any combination of collection, separation, stabilization or detection.

CROSS-REFERENCE

The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/581,711, filed Jan. 21, 2022, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/261,707, filed Sep. 9, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,266,337, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/216,312, filed Sep. 9, 2015; and claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/260,172, filed Nov. 25, 2015; and claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/367,056, filed on Jul. 26, 2016; and claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 62/368,817, filed on Jul. 29, 2016; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Medical diagnostic tests can save lives; unfortunately they are not readily available to everyone. The growing costs of healthcare and availability of treatment can make it difficult for individuals around the world to receive adequate treatment. Having a simple blood panel done can require multiple visits to a medical doctor, first for blood collection then a follow up consultation or additional tests. The rising tangible costs of healthcare can be an additional deterrent; many patients cannot afford the time and cost of multiple visits to a doctor, and can put off tests until they experience symptoms that require medical treatment. New treatment paradigms can address the needs of the patient by reducing the time, cost and availability burdens. Improving patient access to diagnostics can improve the likelihood that tests will be conducted before symptoms appear which in turn can result in patients receiving treatment far earlier than previously possible. Early detection can facilitate early treatment, which in turn can ensure a better prognosis for the patient and an overall reduction in the cost of treatment.

Provided herein are improved solutions to enable a patient to collect, prepare, store, detect and analyze their own blood samples without the assistance of a medical practitioner or access to a medical facility.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to medical systems, devices and methods, and more particularly relates to a system and methods for user-mediated collection, separation, and stabilization of a blood sample. Specifically, the herein disclosed system, device and methods provide for an integrated device comprising a sample acquisition component, a sample separation component and a blood stabilization component incorporated within an integrated device configured to collect blood from a subject upon actuation, and stabilize the blood for further processing within or outside the device.

These and other embodiments are described in further detail in the following description related to the appended drawing figures.

In one aspect, a method is disclosed. The method involves deploying a sample acquisition and stabilization system with a tag to a subject wherein the system includes a blood collection unit configured for collecting a blood sample from the subject, an optional separation module for separating one or more components from the collected blood sample, and a stabilization matrix configured for stabilizing the one or more components from the collected blood sample wherein the tag comprises a label associated with an assay. The method further involves collecting the deployed tagged sample acquisition and stabilization system, performing one or more assays on the one or more stabilized components based on the tag, and providing a report on the one or more assays performed. The method can further involve separating the stabilization matrix from the system prior to one of the aforementioned method steps. The tag can be on the stabilization matrix. Optionally, when the separation module is present, the tag can be on the optional separation module. The stabilization matrix can be configured to perform multiple assays. The method can further involve identifying stabilized bio-components within the blood sample based on the tag present in a deployed sample acquisition and stabilization system and from that identification determining a stabilized component-specific assay to perform. The sample acquisition and stabilization system can be labeled with an RFID transmitter, a color label, a barcode, or a second label that differs from the sample tag.

In another aspect, a method for performing analysis on one or more bio-components from a bio-sample from a subject is disclosed. The method involves obtaining a sampling device which includes a sample acquisition component and a stabilization matrix which includes one or more stabilizing reagents configured to selectively stabilize at least one bio-component selected from the group consisting of: RNA, DNA, and protein. The method further involves performing one or more assays on the at least one stabilized bio-component in or on the sampling device at a location remote from one of the above-mentioned method steps. The one or more stabilization reagents can be disposed on or are integrated with a solid matrix and are in a substantially dry state. The solid matrix can be configured to substantially stabilize RNA for at least 11 days at 37 degrees Celsius. The assays performed in or on the device can include one or more of: PCR, DNA sequencing, RNA expression analysis, and RT-PCR.

In another aspect a method for performing analysis on one or more bio-components from a bio-sample from a subject is disclosed. The method involves obtaining a sampling device which includes a sample acquisition component and a stabilization matrix which includes one or more stabilizing reagents configured to selectively stabilize one or more bio-components selected from the group consisting of: RNA, DNA, and protein. The method further involves removing from the sampling device the stabilization matrix with the one or more bio-components; and performing one or more assays on the stabilization matrix. The stabilization matrix can be removed from the sampling device at a location remote from where one of the above-mentioned steps is carried out.

In another aspect, a method is disclosed which involves receiving, under ambient conditions, a substantially dry solid matrix comprising one or more stabilization reagents that selectively stabilize one or more bio-components selected from the group consisting of: DNA, RNA and protein, and performing one or more assays directly off of the dry solid matrix for analyzing the one or more selectively stabilized bio-components. The stabilization reagent can include a solid substrate comprising melezitose under a substantially dry state with water content of less than 2%. The stabilization reagent can be coupled to a sample acquisition component which includes a solid matrix for extraction and storage of nucleic acids from the biological sample, wherein the solid matrix has an RNA Integrity Number (RIN) of at least 4.

In another aspect, a device for point-of-care or self-administered collection and stabilization of a bio-sample is disclosed and embodiments are illustrated herein. The device includes a sample acquisition component comprising a body and a plunger, wherein the body comprises a proximal end, a distal end, an outer body surface extending between the proximal and distal ends, a base comprising at least one aperture and attached to the distal end, and a lumen defined within the body surface, wherein the plunger is disposed within the lumen, wherein the plunger comprises a proximal end, a distal end, and at least one needle connected to either end, wherein the at least one needle is configured to pass through the at least one aperture in the base when the plunger is actuated. The device includes a sample stabilization component which includes a reagent and a substrate configured such that components of a bio-sample are extracted and stabilized as the bio-sample migrates through the matrix from a point of collection; wherein the sample stabilization component is disposed within the lumen of the body such that actuation of the plunger drives the bio-sample through the matrix to further facilitate separation of the bio-sample.

In another aspect, a kit for collecting and stabilizing a sample is disclosed. The kit includes a sample acquisition component with one or more piercing elements configured for penetrating skin to expose blood, and a sample stabilization component, wherein the sample stabilization component comprises a solid substrate comprising melezitose under a substantially dry state. The solid substrate can include one or more of a lysis reagent and a biomolecule stabilizing reagent. Optionally, the melezitose can be present at a concentration in a range of 10 to 30%. The solid substrate can be configured for preserving enzyme activity. The kit can further include a plasma separation component.

In another aspect, a kit for collecting and stabilizing a biological sample is disclosed. The kit includes a sample acquisition component with one or more piercing elements configured for penetrating skin to expose blood, and a sample stabilization component comprising a solid matrix for selectively stabilizing one or more of the following bio-components: RNA, DNA, and protein. The solid matrix can selectively stabilize RNA and RNA obtained from the solid matrix can have a RIN number greater than 4. The kit can further include a plasma separation component. RNA obtained from the solid matrix can have a RIN of at least 5 or of at least 6, or of at least 7, or have a RIN of greater than 7. The solid matrix can further include at least one protein denaturant present in the solid matrix in a dry state. The solid matrix can further include at least one reducing agent in the solid matrix in a dry state. The solid matrix can further include at least one UV protectant in the solid matrix in a dry state. The solid matrix can further include at least one buffer present in the solid matrix in a dry state. The buffer can be an acid-titrated buffer reagent that generates a pH in a range from 3 to 6. The solid matrix can be comprised of cellulose, cellulose acetate, glass fiber, or a combination thereof. The solid matrix can be a porous matrix. The solid matrix can be a non-dissolvable dry solid material. The solid matrix can be configured to provide an acidic pH upon hydration. The solid matrix can be configured to extract nucleic acids from a sample, and preserve the nucleic acids in a substantially dry state at ambient temperature. The sample acquisition component can be connected to the sample stabilization component.

In another aspect, a system for collecting and stabilizing a sample is disclosed. The system includes a sample acquisition component with one or more piercing elements configured for penetrating skin to expose blood, and a sample stabilization component coupled to the sample acquisition component, wherein the sample stabilization component comprises a solid substrate comprising melezitose under a substantially dry state with a water content of less than 2%. The solid substrate can include a lysis reagent, one or more biomolecule stabilizing reagents, or a combination thereof. The concentration of melezitose can be present in a range of 10 to 30%. The solid substrate can be configured for preserving enzyme activity.

In another aspect, a system for collecting and stabilizing a biological sample is disclosed. The system includes a sample acquisition component with one or more piercing elements configured for penetrating skin to expose blood, and a sample stabilization component coupled to the sample acquisition component comprising a solid matrix for extraction and storage of a nucleic acid from the biological sample, wherein RNA obtained from the solid matrix has a RIN of at least 4. RNA obtained from the solid matrix can have a RIN of at least 5, or of at least 6, or of at least 7, or can be greater than 7. The solid matrix can further include at least one protein denaturant present in the solid matrix in a dry state. The solid matrix can further include at least one reducing agent in the solid matrix in a dry state. The solid matrix can further include at least one UV protectant in the solid matrix in a dry state. The solid matrix can further include at least one buffer disposed on or impregnated within the solid matrix, wherein the solid matrix is substantially dry with a water content of less than 2%. The buffer can be an acid-titrated buffer reagent that generates a pH in a range from 3 to 6. The solid matrix can be comprised of cellulose, cellulose acetate, glass fiber, or a combination thereof. The solid matrix can also be a porous matrix. The solid matrix can be a non-dissolvable dry solid material. The solid matrix can be configured to provide an acidic pH upon hydration. The solid matrix can be configured to extract a nucleic acid from a sample, and preserve the nucleic acid in a substantially dry state at ambient temperature. The sample acquisition component can be connected to the sample stabilization component.

In another aspect, a system for collecting and stabilizing a biological sample is disclosed. The system includes a sample acquisition component with one or more piercing elements configured for penetrating skin to expose blood, and a sample separation component coupled to the sample acquisition component, wherein the sample acquisition component comprises two or more partially overlapping membranes configured such that one component of the biological sample is collected on a first membrane and the remainder of the sample is collected on a second membrane.

In another aspect, a method is disclosed which involves deploying a tagged sample acquisition and stabilization system to a subject wherein the system includes a blood collection unit configured for collecting a blood sample from the subject, an optional separation module for separating one or more components from the collected blood sample, and a stabilization matrix configured for stabilizing one or more components from the blood sample wherein the tagged sample acquisition and stabilization system comprises a label associated with an assay. The method further includes collecting a deployed tagged sample acquisition and stabilization system, performing one or more assays on the one or more stabilized components based on the tag, and providing a report on the one or more assays performed. The method can further involve separating the stabilization matrix from the system prior to one of the above-mentioned method steps. Optionally, the tag can be on the stabilization matrix. Optionally, when the separation module is present, the tag can be on the optional separation module. The stabilization matrix can be configured to perform multiple assays. The method can further involve identifying stabilized bio-components within the blood sample based on the tag present in a deployed sample acquisition and stabilization system and from that identification determining a stabilized component-specific assay to perform. The sample stabilization system can be labeled with an RFID transmitter, a color label, a barcode, or a second label that differs from the sample tag.

In another aspect, a method for performing analysis on one or more bio-components from a bio-sample from a subject is disclosed. The method involves obtaining a sampling device which includes a sample acquisition component and a stabilization matrix which includes one or more stabilizing reagents configured to selectively stabilize at least one bio-component selected from the group consisting of: RNA, DNA, and protein. The method further involves performing one or more assays on the stabilized bio-components in or on the sampling device at a location remote from where the first method step is carried out. The one or more stabilization reagents can be disposed on or integrated with a solid matrix and can be in a substantially dry state. The solid matrix can be configured to substantially stabilize RNA for at least 11 days at 37 degrees Celsius. The assays can be performed in or on the device, and can include one or more of: PCR, DNA sequencing, RNA expression analysis, and RT-PCR.

In another aspect, a method for performing analysis on one or more bio-components from a bio-sample from a subject is disclosed. The method involves obtaining a sampling device which includes a sample acquisition component and a stabilization matrix comprising one or more stabilizing reagents configured to selectively stabilize the one or more bio-components selected from the group consisting of: RNA, DNA, protein, and a combination thereof. The method further involves removing from the sampling device the stabilization matrix with the one or more bio-components, and performing one or more assays on or directly off of the stabilization matrix. The stabilization matrix can be removed from the sampling device at a location remote from one of the above-mentioned method steps.

In another aspect, a method is disclosed which involves receiving, under ambient conditions, a substantially dry solid matrix comprising one or more stabilization reagents that selectively stabilize one or more bio-components selected from the group consisting of: DNA, RNA and protein, and performing one or more assays directly off of the dry solid matrix for analyzing the selectively stabilized bio-components. The stabilization reagent can include a solid substrate comprising melezitose under a substantially dry state with water content of less than 2%. The stabilization reagent can be coupled to the sample acquisition component comprising a solid matrix for extraction and storage of nucleic acids from the biological sample, wherein RNA obtained from the solid matrix has a RIN of at least 4.

In another aspect, a device for point-of-care or self-administered collection and stabilization of a sample is disclosed and embodiments are illustrated herein. The device includes a sample acquisition component comprising a body and a plunger, wherein the body comprises a proximal end, a distal end, an outer body surface extending between the proximal and distal ends, a base comprising at least one aperture and attached to the distal end, and a lumen defined within the body, wherein the plunger is disposed within the lumen, wherein the plunger comprises a proximal end, a distal end, and at least one needle connected to either end, wherein the at least one needle is configured to pass through the at least one aperture in the base when the plunger is actuated. The device includes a sample stabilization component comprising a reagent and a substrate configured such that components of a bio-sample are extracted and stabilized as the bio-sample migrates through the matrix from a point of collection, wherein the sample stabilization component is disposed within the lumen of the body, such that actuation of the plunger drives the bio-sample through the matrix to further facilitate separation of the bio-sample.

In another aspect, a kit for collecting and stabilizing a sample is disclosed. The kit includes a sample acquisition component with one or more piercing elements configured for penetrating skin to expose blood, and a sample stabilization component, wherein the sample stabilization component comprises a solid substrate comprising melezitose under a substantially dry state. The solid substrate can further include one or more of a lysis reagent and a biomolecule stabilizing reagent. The melezitose can be present at a concentration in a range of 10 to 30%. The solid substrate can be configured for preserving enzyme activity. The kit can further include a plasma separation component.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, and FIG. 1C illustrate different sample acquisition components and piercing elements.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a sample acquisition component.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram depicting a method for extracting a blood sample using a tourniquet.

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B illustrate an embodiment of the separation component.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the sample separation component.

FIG. 6 illustrates a sample stabilization component with a stabilization matrix.

FIG. 7 is a non-limiting list of tests that can be conducted on the sample.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Introduction

A first step towards improving the availability of bio-sample testing and diagnostic testing can involve the development of systems and methods that enable quick sample collection, stabilization and preservation of biological components such as DNA, RNA and/or proteins. Once stabilized, such bio components can be transferred to laboratories that can perform one or more biological assays on the bio components. Easier sample collection can be particularly beneficial for diagnosing clinical conditions. There can also be a benefit to having a subject collect, prepare, and optionally analyze their own blood sample without the assistance of a medical practitioner or access to a medical facility or to have an untrained individual collect and stabilize bio samples from a subject. Technological development in this area can make use of at least three components; first, new developments to provide simple tools for collecting biological samples, such as blood; second, new systems, devices and methods to provide simple user-friendly mechanisms for separating, stabilizing and/or storing collected samples or sample components; and, new compatible approaches for analyzing the samples provided through these new methods.

New technologies can be user-friendly and effective enough that acquisition, collection, optional separation and stabilization of the sample can be performed by trained and un-trained end users. Disclosed within are devices, systems and methods that overcome current limitations by addressing some of the aforementioned issues.

Devices, systems and methods disclosed herein, can provide easier sample collection systems, with user friendly sample collection, optional separation, stabilization and storage of samples. Furthermore, devices, systems, and methods can provide approaches and tools for laboratories to more easily receive, prepare and analyze samples. Provided herein are a compatible set of methods, tools, and systems that can enable samples to be easily collected, stored, pre-treated and prepared for analysis so that sample detection can be accomplished with reduced effort on behalf of the user, patient or sample provider. Devices, systems and methods disclosed herein can reduce the burdens of diagnostic testing by simplifying the process of collecting, optionally separating, and stabilizing bio-samples.

Simplifying the process for blood sample collection can involve devices, systems and methods that separate sample components. In some embodiments methods for collecting venous blood can rely on one or more dedicated medical professionals to oversee every step of the blood collection process; from collecting the samples to post-collection procedures which can include separation steps including centrifugation, followed by labeling and cold storage to stabilize samples until they are transferred to a laboratory for testing. In alternate embodiments, the herein disclosed systems and methods can be configured so that an end user can self administer blood sample collection and provide a stabilized sample to a detection facility for analysis.

The herein presented systems, devices and methods can comprise multiple components including (i) a sample acquisition component (SAC) for simple collection of one or more bio-samples (e.g., blood, urine, or environmental samples such as water or soil), (ii) one or more stabilization components for stabilizing bio-analytes from the one or more bio-samples (e.g., DNA, RNA, or protein), and (iii) optionally a separation component for separation of one or more sample components (e.g., plasma, or cells). A further component of the system or method disclosed herein can include one or more kits, devices, methods, and systems for processing samples and analyzing user-provided samples.

Devices, systems, methods, and kits can include a sample acquisition component (SAC) for acquiring the sample, as well as a sample stabilization component (SSC) for transferring, collecting, and stabilizing the sample. In some instances the sample stabilization component can be further equipped to separate one or more components of the sample prior to transferring the sample to a solid substrate for stabilization. SACs can be easy to use, enabling un-trained professionals to collect samples at a variety of locations, from the clinic to a patient's home or office. SACs can even enable a donor to collect their own sample at home, without the need to visit a medical clinic or a dedicated point of collection where sample collection can be done by a trainer or un-trained professional.

Non-limiting embodiments can include integrated and non-integrated combinations of components for sample acquisition, sample separation and sample stabilization. Embodiments can include a single integrated device with distinct internal components for stabilizing components of the sample. Additional integrated devices can include a single unit, or two or more units for separating components of the sample prior to selectively stabilizing sample components. Other embodiments can provide non-integrated components within a system or kit; components can include a sample acquisition component for acquiring the sample, and a separate sample collection component for stabilizing and optionally separating the sample. The sample stabilization component can include a solid stabilization matrix for selectively stabilizing and storing components of the sample, and it can also have a component for separating the sample prior to stabilization. In yet additional non-integrated systems or kits a sample stabilization component can be separate from the sample separation unit. Further embodiments can provide methods, devices, systems and kits for receiving, preparing, and/or treating the stabilized samples after the sample has been acquired, separated, and components of the sample have been selectively stabilized.

The terms “bio-sample” and “biological sample” can be used herein interchangeably throughout the specification. A biological sample can be blood or any excretory liquid. Non-limiting examples of the biological sample can include saliva, blood, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, semen, feces, plasma, urine, a suspension of cells, or a suspension of cells and viruses. In a non-limiting example, the biological samples can include plant or fungal samples. The present systems and methods can be applied to any biological samples from any organism including human. Bio-samples obtained from an organism can be blood, serum, plasma, synovial fluid, urine, tissue or lymph fluids. A biological sample can contain whole cells, lysed cells, plasma, red blood cells, skin cells, non-nucleic acids (e.g. proteins), nucleic acids (e.g. DNA/RNA) including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and cell free DNA (cfDNA). Several embodiments can disclose methods, devices, and systems for collecting blood samples; however, the systems and methods disclosed herein are not intended to be limited to obtaining a bio-sample from an organism. For example, disclosed embodiments can be used on samples obtained from the environment. Non-limiting examples of environmental samples include water, soil and air samples. In some cases, a sample used in the methods, compositions, kits, devices, or systems provided herein is not a biological sample.

For the purposes of describing the devices, methods, systems, and kits disclosed herein, any individual that uses the devices, methods, systems, or kits to collect a sample can be referred to as the “end user”. The individual, organism, or environment from which a sample is derived can be referred to as the “donor”. Once the sample is collected it can be deployed to another facility for testing. At the facility the sample can undergo treatment steps that are selected for based on the devices, systems, methods or kits that were used.

Sample Acquisition Component (SAC)

Devices, systems, methods and kits described herein can include one or more sample acquisition components (SACs). A sample acquired by a system provided herein can be, e.g., a biological sample from an organism, e.g., blood, serum, urine, saliva, tissue, hair, skin cells, semen, or a sample acquired from the environment, e.g., water sample, oil from well, or from food, e.g., milk. Samples can be liquid, solid or a combination of one or more liquids and one or more solids.

Sample volumes can be fixed by components of a unit, including but not limited to the device collection chamber, materials properties of the collection system, sample settings pre-determined by the user, specifications established during device manufacturing, or any combination thereof.

A SAC can include one or more devices for venous blood draw or capillary blood draw. To accomplish venous blood draw or capillary blood draw, the SAC can include one or more piercing elements. The one or more piercing elements can be hollow or solid, and the one or more piercing elements can be configured for pain-free and efficient sample transfer; adaptations can involve use of materials with specific composition, surface microstructure, mechanical properties, structural shapes or combination thereof. The one or more piercing elements can include one or more needles, micro-needles, or lancets (including pressure activated needles or lancets). The SAC can be optionally designed to minimize physical pain or discomfort to the user. An SAC can include micro-needle technology shown in FIG. 1A, which can allow for shallow penetration of the skin to generate blood flow. Examples for sample, e.g., blood collection, contemplated herein include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,033,898. The SAC can be single use. In some cases, a SAC is reusable.

A SAC can collect a volume of, e.g., <1 mL. For example, the SAC can be configured to collect a volume of blood e.g., under 1 mL, 5000, 400 μl, 300 μl, 200 μl, 100 μl, 90 μl, 80 μl, 70 μl, 60 μl, 500, 40 μl, 30 μl, 20 μl or 10 μl.

A SACs can be designed to collect a sample volume of from about 1 mL to about 10 mL or from about 1 mL to about 100 mL. Examples of a SAC include a urine cup, a finger stick, or devices, such as those described, e.g., in US. Pub. Nos. 20130211289 and 20150211967.

A SAC can be a component of an integrated device designed for collecting, stabilizing and storing a sample. A SAC can be a separate component that is part of a kit or a system. A SAC can include a vial for collecting the sample.

A kit can include one or more of the following (e.g., when a SAC is non-integrated but is part of a kit): (i) one or more sample separation units, (ii) one or more sample stabilization units, (iii) one or more bio-sample separation and/or stabilization components. A kit used for blood samples can comprise a capillary or transfer tube for collecting a blood drop from a lanced or incised finger and subsequently dispensing the blood onto a device or separate unit for stabilizing or separating and stabilized sample components.

Some embodiments of the sample acquisition component are illustrated in FIG. 1B, FIG. 1C and FIG. 2 . As shown in FIG. 1B the SAC can be activated through a mechanical means. Manual activation can be performed by the donor or end user. FIG. 1C illustrates a SAC that can be activated with electrical means. The SAC, as shown, can uses vibration to induce blood flow.

The SAC can use a plunger to create a vacuum that drives the sample into one or more chambers in the device. As shown in FIG. 2 , the sample acquisition component (SAC) can have a proximal end, a distal end, an outer surface and a lumen defined with the body 215. The base attached to the distal end of the body can comprise an outer face, an inner face and comprise one or more apertures 240. Additionally, the device can have a plunger 220 comprising a proximal and distal end, with the plunger configured to be user actuated. One or more piercing elements 250 can be fixed to the face of the plunger, and when the user actuates the SAC from the proximal end to the distal end of the device body, the one or more piercing elements can puncture the skin. A vacuum can be created upon withdrawal of the piercing elements. Blood can pool through the one or more apertures 240, and the one or more apertures can be configured to draw the sample into the lumen. The sample can move into the lumen and within the device, e.g., through spontaneous capillary-driven flow. Spontaneous capillary-driven flow can also be used to extract fluid from a pool or droplet on a surface, such as human skin, for a reservoir, or from another open microfluidic channel Spontaneous capillary driven flow can be used to collect the sample from the lance site; it can also be used to manipulate fluids from a reservoir within the device or between sample collection and preparation steps using complex open microfluidic channels. In alternative embodiments, spontaneous capillary-driven flow can be combined with other means of moving sample through the device. The apertures can be optionally adapted for, or optionally contain materials or structures adapted to draw the sample from the penetrated skin into the device. For example in one embodiment, the one or more piercing elements can partially retract into the one or more apertures wherein the properties of the one or more piercing elements itself draw the sample through the aperture and into the sample chamber, either through the one or more piercing elements if the one or more piercing elements is hollow or on the sides of the one or more piercing elements if the one or more piercing elements are solid. Embodiments of these components can be found in US. Pub. No. 20130211289.

Sample collection can occur from sample pooled at or above the skin surface, it can also optionally be collected from one or more reservoirs under the skin. The SAC can, for example, create a lancing motion which cuts into small but plentiful capillaries in the superficial vascular plexus under the epidermis e.g., at depth of 0.3-0.6 mm from the surface of the skin. This disclosure provides a system for mechanically massaging a lance site at other body locations by several different approaches, including oscillating an annular ring surrounding the wound to pump the blood surrounding the wound into the wound for extraction by a needle or capillary tube or oscillating paddles or other members adjacent the wound to achieve the desired blood flow. Further, bringing a drop of blood from the skin in other regions of the body, e.g., the thigh, to a small area on a test device can be difficult. An alternate embodiment of the described herein can work with the needle remaining in the wound and the needle being mechanically manipulated to promote the formation of a sample of body fluid in the wound.

Liquid sample can collect or pool into a collection chamber, after the collection chamber or in lieu of a collection chamber the sample can optionally be absorbed through one or more particles, materials, structures or filters with optimized porosity and absorptivity for drawing the sample into the device. Materials for drawing the sample into the devices herein can consist of any absorptive or adsorptive surfaces, or materials with modified surfaces; optional materials including but not limited to paper-based media, gels, beads, membranes, polymer based matrices or any combination thereof. For example in one embodiment, the SAC can comprise a body that defines a fluid flow path from an inlet opening, wherein the flow path includes a bed of a porous polymer monolith selected to adsorb biological particles or analytes from a matrix drawn or dispensed through the inlet opening and the bed. The porous polymer monolith can absorb biological particles or analytes for later preparation steps. Examples of sample collection on a porous monolith can be found in US Pub. No. US20150211967.

Methods for using the sample acquisition component (SAC) can include piercing the skin with a SAC followed by milking or squeezing of a finger to extract a blood sample. The SAC can be used with a tourniquet or other components for facilitating sample acquisition. A tourniquet, rubber band, or elastic material can be placed around the first, second, or third digit of a subject's hand. Methods can be constructed to improve sample quality. As depicted in FIG. 3 , steps can include placing a tourniquet on one of the digits of the donor's finger to apply pressure 305 and lancing the digit to create an incision 310. The method can also include optionally removing the first blood immediately after lancing while still applying pressure. Blood can be collected from the incision 315 by holding a capillary tube against a blood drop formed from the incision site. Blood collected in the capillary tube can be dispersed onto a separate component of the system 320, and the separate part of the component can be deployed to a different location or facility 325 for analysis. In certain embodiments the kit can include components and instructions for facilitating blood collection and efficiency. Methods can further comprise steps for preparing the hand and finger to insure proper blood flow including temperature and position, methods of applying the tourniquet to the finger, methods of sterilization, lancing, and actual blood collection. Methods for collecting blood samples are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/450,585.

Sample Stabilization Component

A sample acquired using a sample acquisition component, e.g., a SAC described herein, cancan be transferred to a sample stabilization component (SSC). A SSC can be any device or system that the sample is collected on or transferred to for stabilization and storage. The device or system can comprise channels and compartments for collecting and transferring the samples, and one or more units for separating and stabilizing sample.

In a non-integrated system, the sample acquisition component can be physically separate from the sample stabilization component. In these embodiments, transfer from the sample acquisition component to the sample stabilization component can occur through a variety of means including one or more: needles, capillary tubes, or through direct transfer of the sample from the donor site to the sample stabilization component. In instances where the sample acquisition component is a separate component from the sample stabilization component, application of a sample to a substrate can be achieved using a self-filling capillary for collection from the sample acquisition component, followed by sample transfer to the substrate.

The sample stabilization component can be integrated with the SAC. Integration between the sample stabilization component and the SAC can occur through a shared assembled interface. Sample can move from the sample acquisition component through channels, including microchannels, spontaneous capillary flow, wicking through absorbent materials or other means that allow sample to flow through the sample stabilization component towards or into the substrate with minimal effort on behalf of the end user. Microchannels can be constructed from a variety of materials with properties including adapted shapes with surface microstructures and material properties adapted to facilitate capillary action or other means of sample transfer through the device. Microchannels can comprise any means of transferring sample between chambers, including open microfluidic channels optimized for moving samples using spontaneous capillary flow. Examples of microchannels and devices comprising microchannels can be found in many of the incorporated references, including US Pub. No. 20140038306.

The sample stabilization component can include a structure with multiple layers. It can also have an interface for accepting transfer to one or more layers or to a substrate. The sample stabilization component can be configured for collecting one or more samples, separating components of a sample, stabilizing one or more samples, or any combination thereof. The SSC can further comprise a network of layers and capillary channels configured for transferring sample between multiple layers and into substrate, e.g., as provided for by US Appl. Nos. U.S. Ser. No. 14/340,693 and U.S. Ser. No. 14/341,074.

The SSC can be coupled to the substrate in a variety of ways. The SSC can couple to the substrate in a way that enables contact with a layer for transferring the sample fluid from the integrated device to the substrate. The SSC can be configured such that the device is easily removable from the substrate. The system can further comprise a substrate frame having a region configured to receive the sample on the substrate. The substrate can be attached to the substrate frame in a way that makes it easy to remove the substrate from the system, and the substrate frame can be designed with a barcode to enable automated or semi-automated processing. The system can further be coupled to an external device, wherein the external device comprises a fluidic device, an analytical instrument, or both. In one or more embodiments, the sample stabilization component can be coupled to a substrate, wherein SSC is configured to transfer the sample fluid to the substrate. The substrate can comprise the substrate or the sample separation component. The SSC can either be attached directly to the substrate or to a substrate frame that holds the substrate. In some embodiments, the SSC can further couple to a substrate frame and a substrate cover. The substrate frame and substrate cover can include features to facilitate efficient fluid transfer to the substrate at a region of interest, e.g., at the center of the substrate. In some embodiments, the SSC is packaged with a sample storage substrate, wherein the sample stabilization component is pre-attached to the sample substrate. In some other embodiments, the SSC and substrate are packaged separately, wherein the user can assemble the substrate and the SSC for sample collection, transfer, stabilization and storage. The SSC can be further packaged with a sample acquisition component (SAC).

A SSC can be disposable or re-usable. For example, an SSC can be a single-use disposable device configured to collect the sample and transfer the sample fluid to a substrate and facilitate loading of the fluid sample through desirable areas of the substrate. The SSC can be configured for one time use to reduce or prevent contamination or spreading of infection via the collected sample. The SSC can be configured for reliable and reproducible collection, transfer and storage of biological samples.

After collection and transfer of the biological sample, the substrate can be configured to separate bio-sample components prior to transferring to the stabilization matrix for storage.

Sample Separation

The SSC can include a sample separation unit comprising one or more substrates, membranes, or filters for separating sample components. The sample separation unit can be integrated within the sample stabilization component, or it can be attached to or separate from the sample stabilization component.

Sample separation can occur at different points in the sample collection process. For example, in an integrated device sample separation can occur within the SSC, for non-integrated devices sample separation can occur outside of the SSC prior to transfer to the sample stabilization component. In other instances the sample can move through the SAC and into the sample separation unit before being transferred to the SSC which can transfer the separated sample to one or more substrates for stabilization and storage.

Sample separation can occur as an intermediate step between sample acquisition and transfer to a sample stabilization matrix. In some instances sample separation and stabilization can occur in one step without the need for user intervention. Sample separation can further occur sequentially or simultaneously with sample stabilization.

The sample acquisition and stabilization can require user action to proceed between one or more phases of the sample collection, optional separation, and stabilization process. An integrated device can require user action to activate sample acquisition, and move sample between separation, stabilization, and storage. Alternatively, user action can be required to initiate sample acquisition as well as one or more additional steps of the sample collection, separation or stabilization process. User action can include any number of actions, including pushing a button, tapping, shaking, rupture of internal parts, turning or rotating components of the device, forcing sample through one or more chambers and any number of other mechanisms. Movement through the phases can occur in tandem with sample collection, or can occur after sample collection. Anytime during or prior to the processing phases the entire sample or components of the sample can be exposed to any number of techniques or treatment strategies for pre-treatment of cells of biological components of the sample; potential treatment includes but is not limited to treatment with reagents, detergents, evaporative techniques, mechanical stress or any combination thereof.

The devices, methods, systems and kits disclosed herein can comprise one or more sample separation units. Sample separation units can be used, e.g., to separate plasma from blood, cells from a water sample, or cells from cell free components. For blood samples one or more components can be used to separate plasma or specific cells from other components of a blood sample. Alternatively, separation devices, methods and systems can selectively separate any number of sample components including cells, plasma, platelets, specific cell types, DNA, RNA, protein, inorganic materials, drugs, or any other components.

Non-limiting embodiments of the sample stabilization unit can employ sample separation components to separate other non-plasma components as well. Sample separation components can be connected to the sample acquisition component e.g., through one or more channels, including one or more microchannels, wicking of absorbent materials or other means that allow sample to flow through the device. The systems and methods for separating the sample are exemplary and non-limiting.

There can be many methods for performing separation, some of which use size, deformability, shape or any combination thereof. Separation can occur through one or more membranes, chambers, filters, polymers, or other materials. Membranes, substrates, filters and other components of the device can be chemically treated to selectively stabilize components, facilitate flow of sample, dry the sample, or any combination thereof. Alternative separation mechanisms can include liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction, and selective precipitation of target or non-target elements, charge separation, binding affinity, or any combination thereof. Separation phase can be comprised of one or more steps, with each step relying on different mechanisms to separate the sample. One such mechanism can utilize size, shape or deformation to separate larger components from smaller ones. Cell separation can occur through a sorter that can for example rely on one or more filters or other size exclusion methods to separate components of the sample. Separation can also be conducted through selective binding wherein specific components are separated by binding events while the unbound elutant moves into or through alternate chambers.

In some methods, a single membrane can be used for separation and collection of one or more sample components from the bulk sample. Single membrane methods can use a device wherein samples can be applied to one end of the membrane and as the sample flows through a first component of the sample, for example cells, can be separated from a second component of the sample, for example plasma, based on the size of the membranes pores. After operation of the device the membrane containing the first component of the sample, cells in this example, can be severed from the portion containing the second component of the sample, plasma in this example, necessitating an additional step of severing the membranes. In another method, two separate membranes can be used for the separation and collection sample components; specifically, a first membrane for the separation of one component, for example blood cells, and a second membrane for collection of other components, for example plasma. These membranes can be arranged such that a distal end of the first membrane contacts a proximal end of the second membrane to facilitate the separation of a large component, for example cells, via the first membrane and the collection of a second smaller component, for example plasma, via the second membrane.

FIG. 4 illustrates a sample separation unit that can be used to separate samples prior to stabilization or in tandem with stabilization. Sample separation units can comprise a frame 400, a separation membrane 452, and a collection membrane 454. The frame can include an inner side disposed proximate to a first peripheral portion of the frame. The inner side 402 is formed from a plurality of first slots in the frame 416. The frame further includes an outer side 404 disposed surrounding at least a portion of the plurality of first slots 416. The outer side 404 is formed from a plurality of second slots in the frame 432. A distal end of the separation membrane 420 is disposed under the outer side, and a proximal end of the collection membrane is disposed under at least one of the outer side and inner side such that the proximal end of the collection membrane has an overlapping contact area 428 with the distal end of the separation membrane. Further, the outer side is configured to apply pressure on the separation and collection membranes about the overlapping contact area. The frame 400, separation membrane 452, and collection membrane 454, can be comprised of different materials. The frame 400 can be comprised of a polymer material such as polypropylene, nylon (polyamide), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyetheretherketone (PEEK); and it can be manufactured using an injection molding technique and has a uniform thickness. The separation membrane 452 can include suitable materials such as cellulose, a glass fiber, a cellulose acetate, a poly vinyl pyrrolidone, a polysulfone, a polyethersulfone, a polyester or combinations of these materials; and it can be designed to have a geometry compatible with the geometry of the frame 400, specifically, the geometry of the inner side 402 of the frame 400. The collection membrane 454 can include suitable materials such as cellulose, a glass fiber, a cellulose acetate, a poly vinyl pyrrolidone, a polysulfone, a polyethersulfone, polyester, or combinations of these materials; and the collection membrane can be chemically treated. Other embodiments and methods can include the step of displacing, such as by pressing downwards 460, an inner side of the frame 402 to insert a distal end 458 of a separation membrane 452 under the second distal end portion 436 of the outer side of the frame 404 via a first mid-slot 416 b of the inner side 402. The method can further include the step of displacing the outer 404 and inner sides 402, for example by applying pressure by pushing upwards 466, to insert a proximal end 462 of a collection membrane 454 under at least one of the outer and the inner sides via a second mid-slot of the outer side 432 b, such that the proximal end of the collection membrane has an overlapping contact area 468 with the distal end 458 of the separation membrane 452.

The separation machinery can be optional, for example it can be part of a modular system wherein the user or the manufacturer can insert a cartridge within the path of the sample. In one potential embodiment the sample can be transferred from any of the previously mentioned collection devices into a secondary chamber. The transfer can be facilitated by user action or it can happen spontaneously without user action.

The sample separation unit can use a filtration membrane to separate sample components. FIG. 5 illustrates a sample separation unit with a filtration membrane that separates out the non-cellular fraction of a biological sample. The filtration membrane 502 can have a sample application zone 510 and a transfer zone 512. The filtration membrane can be in direct contact with a solid matrix 504 via the transfer zone 512. A biological sample can be applied to the sample application zone 510 of the filtration membrane, and can be filtered as it moves through the filtration membrane. The filtration membrane can have a plurality of pores. Once the biological sample passes through the filtration membrane, resident intact cells within the biological sample can be retained by the filtration membrane, e.g., mostly at the sample application zone 510 and the non-cellular fraction can be passed through the pores to reach the transfer zone 512 and get transferred and collected onto the dry solid matrix. A filtration membrane can have pore sizes that can range from about 0.01 micron to about 5 micron. The filtration membrane can have a range of pore sizes, for example, between about 1 micron to about 2 micron. The pore size can vary between about 0.22 micron to about 2 microns. When a filtration membrane of 1 micron pore size is used, any other circulating eukaryotic cells and/or pathogenic cells having diameters greater than 1 micron can be retained in the filtration membrane and so will not reach the dry solid matrix upon filtration. Additional separation components are described in US Publ. No. 20150031035.

Filtration can occur at various points in the sample collection process. A non-cellular fraction of a sample can, for example, be filtered out from the biological sample at the point-of-collection itself. Filtration can be performed without any prior pre-treatment of the biological sample. Further filtration can be performed in absence of any stabilizing reagent.

Filtration membrane can be made from a variety of materials. The materials used to form the filtration membrane can be a natural material, a synthetic material, or a naturally occurring material that is synthetically modified. Suitable materials that can be used to make the filtration membrane include, but are not limited to, glass fiber, polyvinlyl alcohol-bound glass fiber, polyethersulfone, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polycarbonate, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, hydrophilic expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene), anodic aluminum oxide, track-etched polycarbonate, electrospun nanofibers or polyvinylpyrrolidone. In one example, the filtration membrane is formed from polyvinyl alcohol-bound glass fiber filter (MF1™ membrane, GE Healthcare). In another example, filtration membrane is formed from asymmetric polyethersulfone (Vivid™, Pall Corporation). In some embodiments, filtration membrane can be formed by a combination of two or more different polymers. For example, filtration membrane can be formed by a combination of polyethersulfone and polyvinylpyrrolidone (Primecare™, iPOC).

After filtration, the separated, non-cellular fraction can be collected onto a dry solid matrix by means of physical interaction. The non-cellular fraction can be collected on to dry solid matrix by means of adsorption or absorption.

Stabilization Matrix

The SSC can be used to transfer, stabilize, and store target components of a bio-sample which can comprise target components such as nucleic acids, proteins, and respective fragments thereof. The SSC can receive, extract and stabilize one or more of these analytes onto a substrate that can be coupled to or housed within the sample stabilization component. FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a sample stabilization component 610 with a sample substrate or matrix 615 for preserving or stabilizing the sample. The substrate 615 can be held in place on one side of the device using a frame 620. The sample can be collected and transferred through a channel 625 to the mounted sample substrate.

The term “target components” as used herein, can refer to one or more molecules, e.g., biological molecules that can be detected or tested for, in a given diagnostic test. The target components for a particular test can need to be adequately preserved and stabilized for good quality diagnostic results.

The nature of the sample can for example depend upon the source of the material, e.g., biological material. For example, the source can be from a range of biological organisms including, but not limited to, virus, bacterium, plant and animal. The source can be a mammalian or a human subject. For mammalian and human sources, the sample can be selected from the group consisting of tissue, cell, blood, plasma, saliva and urine. In another aspect, the bio-sample is selected from the group consisting of biomolecules, synthetically-derived biomolecules, cellular components and biopharmaceutical drug.

The composition, stability and quality of target components can vary depending on their source, therefore to a variety of different substrates can be used to stabilize different components of the sample and prepare the sample for testing. The chemical nature and properties of the target components can vary depending on the origin of the sample, and the degree of required sample stabilization can depend on the diagnostic panel the sample is intended for. Some panels, for example, can require high concentration and low quality sample while others require low concentration and high quality sample. High quality reproducible test results can require high quality samples. The composition of the substrate as well as the substrate and methods for stabilizing sample can differ between assays and between target components or analytes.

Since the nature of target components can differ, the substrate or matrix composition can also be selected for or configured to specific target components. Sample sources and/or the diagnostic tests intended for a particular sample can also be variables that determine the composition of the substrate or matrix. For example, high quality diagnostic test results can require high quality or effective stabilization of target components. In some instances the composition of the substrate or stabilization matrix can be designed to specifically stabilize a particular target component (e.g. DNA, RNA or protein). The matrix can be further configured for use in a particular diagnostic test; for example, if the test requires higher concentration of a particular type of target component then the matrix can be designed to selectively release that target component.

Sample processing can be performed with the different types of tests and substrate compositions in mind. For example, a substrate or matrix designed for a specific target component or diagnostic test can have a color or code that indicates the type of assay it can be used for or with. The substrate can also incorporate one or more tags or labels, including barcodes, RFIDs, or other identifiers that allow the samples or results derived from the substrate to be connected with a particular end user or donor.

The term “substrate” or “stabilization matrix” can refer to any solid matrix including a substrate, or the sample separation component herein described. Substrate can be any solid material including one or more absorbent materials which can absorb a fluidic sample, such as blood.

The substrate or stabilization matrix can comprise one or more different solid components. The solid components can be kept in a substantially dry state of less than 10 wt % hydration. Examples of solid matrix substrate include but are not limited to, a natural material, a synthetic material, or a naturally occurring material that is synthetically modified. The substrate can comprises cellulose, nitrocellulose, modified porous nitrocellulose or cellulose based substrates, polyethyleneglycol-modified nitrocellulose, a cellulose acetate membrane, a nitrocellulose mixed ester membrane, a glass fiber, a polyethersulfone membrane, a nylon membrane, a polyolefin membrane, a polyester membrane, a polycarbonate membrane, a polypropylene membrane, a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, a polyethylene membrane, a polystyrene membrane, a polyurethane membrane, a polyphenylene oxide membrane, a poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) membrane, glass fiber membranes, quartz fiber membranes or combinations thereof. Suitable materials that can act as dry solid matrix include, but are not limited to, cellulose, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, quartz fiber, hydrophilic polymers, polytetrafluroethylene, fiberglass and porous ceramics. Hydrophilic polymers can be polyester, polyamide or carbohydrate polymers.

The substrate or matrix can comprise one or more dried reagents impregnated therein. The one or more dried reagents can comprise protein stabilizing reagents, nucleic acid stabilizing reagents, cell-lysis reagents or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the substrate is disposed on a substrate frame. Non-limiting examples of the sample substrate can include a porous sample substrate, Whatman FTA™ card, cellulose card, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate can include at least one stabilizing reagent that preserves at least one biological sample analyte for transport or storage. Non-limiting examples of suitable reagents for storage media can include one or more of a weak base, a chelating agent and optionally, uric acid or a urate salt or the addition of a chaotropic salt, alone or in combination with a surfactant.

In some instances, the substrate can comprise a dry solid matrix comprised of cellulose. The cellulose-based dry solid matrix is devoid of any detergent. Cellulose-based dry solid matrix cannot be impregnated with any reagent. Cellulose-based dry solid matrix can be impregnated with a chaotropic salt. Examples of chaotropic salt include, but are not limited to, guanidine thiocyanate, guanidine chloride, guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine isothiocyanate, sodium thiocyanate, and sodium iodide. In some embodiments, the cellulose-based dry solid matrix is FTA™ Elute (GE Healthcare). Examples of sample stabilization components can be found, e.g., in US Pub. Nos. US20130289265 and US20130289257.

Substrate can be comprised of one or more layers of material. The substrate can be arranged into a solid matrix. Layers can be arranged to selectively extract specific bio-sample components. Solid matrix can be a single material, or it can be comprised of multiple materials.

Multiple sample stabilization units can be stored in or attached to a single sample stabilization component. A single sample stabilization unit can be stored in the sample stabilization component. Alternatively, two or more sample stabilization units can be linked together such that one or more components of the bio-sample can move through the different units. The sample stabilization matrix or substrate in any of the mentioned embodiments can have uniform or variable composition. The substrate, sample stabilization unit, or components of either the substrate or the sample stabilization unit can be tagged to indicate the type of target component(s) it is intended for, and/or the diagnostic test(s) for which a sample is intended.

The substrate can be constructed such that sample processing can occur within or adjacent to the sample stabilization component. In some embodiments a sample can move through a sample separation step before being exposed to one or more sample stabilization matrices. In some embodiments the acquisition, optional separation and stabilization steps occur in tandem.

For target components that are present in low concentrations, the substrate can be configured to enhance recovery. In these instances the solid substrate can comprise at least one surface coated with a chemical mixture that enhances the recovery of a biological material from the surface. The chemical mixture can comprise components selected from the group consisting of vinyl polymer and non-ionic detergent, vinyl polymer and protein, non-ionic synthetic polymer and non-ionic detergent, non-ionic synthetic polymer and protein, polyethylenemine (PEI) and non-ionic detergent, non-ionic detergent and protein, and polyethylenemine (PEI) and protein. The solid support can be selected from the group consisting of paper, glass microfiber and membrane. The support can be a paper, for example a cellulose paper including a 903 Neonatal STD card. The solid support can comprise a membrane selected from the group consisting of polyester, polyether sulfone (PES), polyamide (Nylon), polypropylene, polytet-rafluoroethylene (PTFE), polycarbonate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate and aluminium oxide. The vinyl polymer can be polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The non-ionic detergent can be Tween 20. The protein can be selected from the group consisting of albumin and casein. The non-ionic synthetic polymer can be poly-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (PEOX). The chemical mixture can comprise any combination of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Tween 20, albumin, poly-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (PEOX), polyethylen-emine (PEI), polyeth-ylenemine (PEI) or casein. Also provided herein are methods for recovering a material, e.g., biological material from a solid support comprising the steps of i) contacting a surface of a solid support, e.g., as described herein with a sample containing a biological material; ii) drying the sample on the surface of the solid support; iii) storing the solid support; and iv) extracting the material, e.g., biological material from the surface. In other aspects, step iii) comprises storing the paper support at a temperature in the range of about 15 to about 40° C. The paper support can be stored at a lower temperature depending on the thermal stability of the biological material. Methods of making the substrate can comprise coating at least one surface of the support with a solution of a chemical mixture that enhances the recovery of a biological material from the surface, wherein the chemical mixture is a mixture selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and Tween 20, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and albumin, Tween 20 and albumin, poly-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (PEOX) and Tween 20, poly-2-ethyl-2-oxazoline PEOX and albumin, polyethylenemine (PEI) and Tween 20, and polyethylen-emine (PEI) and albumin. The sample stabilization component can provide a use of a solid support as described herein for enhancing the recovery of a material, e.g., biological material from a surface thereof, wherein the disclosed stabilization components and methods are disclosed, e.g., in US Publ. Nos. US20130323723 and US2013330750, the entireties of which are herein incorporated by reference.

The substrate or solid matrix can be configured to selectively preserve nucleic acids including RNA, DNA and fragments thereof. A solid matrix for selectively stabilizing nucleic acids can be comprised of at least one protein denaturant, and at least one acid or acid-titrated buffer reagent impregnated and stored in a dry state. The matrix can be configured to provide an acidic pH upon hydration, extract nucleic acids from a sample and/or preserve the nucleic acids in a substantially dry state at ambient temperature.

A stabilization matrix for extracting and stabilizing nucleic acids can comprise any combination of reagents including a protein denaturant, a reducing agent, buffer, a free-radical trap, a chaotropic agent, a detergent, or an RNase inhibitor in the solid matrix in a dried format. The RNase inhibitor can comprise a triphosphate salt, pyrophosphate salt an acid, or an acid-titrated buffer reagent. The stabilization matrix can further be impregnated with or in the presence of one or more reagents including enzyme inhibitors, free-radical scavengers, or chelating agents. The solid matrix can comprise a protein denaturant, a reducing agent, a buffer, and optionally a free-radical trap or RNase inhibitor.

One or more reagents can be impregnated and stored in a dry state. One or more dried reagents can be optionally rehydrated by the addition of buffer, water or sample. The matrix can further comprise a weak or strong protein denaturant. In certain aspects the solid matrix is a porous cellulose-based paper such as the commercially available 903, 31-ETF, or FTA Elute™. Performance of this method permits the storage of nucleic acids, e.g., RNA which can be an unstable biomolecule to store, in a dry format (e.g., on a solid matrix) under ambient temperatures. The solid matrix can be configured such that hydration of the matrix provides an acidic pH. As noted, in one or more embodiments, RNA quality can be determined by capillary electrophoresis of the extracted RNA through a bioanalyzer. The dry solid matrix can permit prolonged storage of one or more bio-components comprising nucleic acids (e.g., RNA, DNA) in a dry format under ambient conditions. In other aspects, a dry solid matrix for ambient extraction and storage of nucleic acids (e.g., RNA, DNA) from a sample comprises a thiocyanate salt, a reducing agent, a buffer, and optionally a free-radical trap or RNase inhibitor present in a solid matrix in a dried format. A dry solid matrix for extraction and storage of nucleic acids (e.g., RNA, DNA) from a sample comprises at least one metal thiocyanate salt, wherein at least one metal thiocyanate salt is not guanidinium thiocyanate (GuSCN), a reducing agent, a buffer, and optionally a free-radical trap or RNase inhibitor. The solid matrices can comprise nucleic acids (e.g., RNA, DNA) in a dry format can be subjected to a process to release the nucleic acids from the solid matrix in an intact format that is suitable for further analyses of the collected nucleic acid samples.

RNA quality can be quantified as an RIN number, wherein the RIN can be calculated by an algorithmic assessment of the amounts of various RNAs present within the extracted RNA. High-quality cellular RNA can exhibit a RIN value approaching 10. In one or more embodiments, the RNA extracted from the dry matrix has a RIN value of at least 4. In some embodiments, the matrix provides for ambient extraction and stabilization of a bio-sample and produces intact, high quality RNA with a RIN value in a range from about 4 to about 10, or in some embodiments, the RIN value is in a range from about 5 to about 8. The matrix can be a porous non-dissolvable dry material configured to provide a pH between about 2 and about 7 upon hydration for extracting RNA. The matrix can stabilize the extracted RNA with an RNA Integrity Number (RIN) of at least 4.

Methods for extracting and storing nucleic acids from a sample can comprise steps of providing the sample to a dry solid matrix comprising a protein denaturant and an acid or acid titrated buffer reagent; generating an acidic pH upon hydration for extraction of nucleic acids from the sample; drying the matrix comprising the extracted nucleic acids; and storing the extracted nucleic acids on the matrix in a substantially dry state at ambient temperature. Examples of the aforementioned sample stabilization components can be found, e.g., in US Pub. No. US20130338351.

A sample stabilization unit can include a solid matrix for collection and stabilization of non-nucleic acid components, for example proteins. In these instances, the substrate can be configured to extract and stabilize proteins or peptides from a biological sample for preservation at ambient temperature. In one such embodiment, the solid substrate for collection, stabilization and elution of biomolecules can comprise a trisaccharide under a substantially dry state. The trisaccharide can be selected from melezitose, raffinose, maltotriulose, isomaltotriose, nigerotriose, maltotriose, ketose or combinations thereof. One or more embodiments of a solid substrate can further comprise a melezitose under a substantially dry state. Melezitose can be a non-reducing trisaccharide sugar, having a molecular weight of 504.44 g/mol. In one or more embodiments, the solid substrate can comprise melezitose, wherein a concentration of the melezitose is an amount less than 30%. The melezitose can be impregnated in the substrate; the substrate can also be passively coated or covalently-modified with melezitose. In one or more examples, the substrate is further impregnated with one or more reagents, such as one or more lysis reagents, one or more buffer reagents or one or more reducing agents. In some embodiments, the one or more impregnated reagents comprise cell lytic reagents, biomolecule stabilizing reagents such as protein-stabilizing reagents, protein storage chemicals and combinations thereof impregnated therein under a substantially dry state. Examples of the systems described above and other embodiments are disclosed, e.g., in US20140234942, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.

Other substrates for stabilizing proteins can comprise a solid paper based matrix comprising cellulose fibers and/or glass fibers and a hydrophilic or water soluble branched carbohydrate polymer. Surface weight of the solid based matrix can be 40-800 g/m 2. Hydrophilic or water soluble branched carbohydrate polymer can be 4-30 wt % of the matrix. The hydrophilic or water soluble branched carbohydrate polymer can have an average molecular weight of 15-800 kDa, such as 20-500 kDa. The branched carbohydrate polymer can include a dextran. Dextrans can be branched (16)-linked glucans. The branched carbohydrate polymer can comprise a copolymer of a mono- or disaccharide with a bifunctional epoxide reagent. Such polymers can be highly branched due to the multitude of reactive hydroxyl groups on each mono/disaccharide. Depending on the reaction conditions used, the degree of branching can be from about 0.2 up to almost 1. The content of water extractables in said paper can be 0-25 wt %, e.g., 0.1-5 wt % or 3-20 wt %. Very low amounts of extractables can be achieved when the carbohydrate polymer is covalently coupled to the paper fibers and/or crosslinked to itself. In some embodiments, the paper comprises 5-300 micromole/g, e.g., 5-50, 5-100 or 50-300 micromole/g negatively or positively charged groups. Negatively charged groups can be e.g. carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups or sulfate groups, while positively charged groups can be e.g. amine or quaternary ammonium groups. The presence of these groups can improve the protective effect of the branched carbohydrate polymer.

Methods for removing sample can comprise a step of storing the dried paper with the sample, e.g., biological sample for at least one week, such as at least one month or at least one year. In some embodiments the method comprises a step of extracting at least one protein from said paper after storage and analyzing said protein. The extraction can be made e.g. by punching out a small part of the paper with dried sample and immersing these in an aqueous liquid. In some embodiments the protein is analyzed in step by an immunoassay, by mass spectrometry or an enzyme activity assay. An example of the substrate disclosed above is disclosed, e.g., in US Appn. No. US20140302521.

The sample stabilization component can comprise at least one dried sample, e.g., at least one dried biological sample, such as a dried blood sample. Blood and other biological materials, e.g. serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, bone marrow, biopsies etc. can be applied to the sample stabilization component and dried for storage and subsequent analysis or other use. The dried sample, e.g., biological sample can be a pharmaceutical formulation or a diagnostic reagent, comprising at least one protein or other sensitive biomolecule. In another aspect the sample stabilization component can comprise a paper card, with one or more sample application areas printed or otherwise indicated on the card. There can be indicator dyes in these areas to show if a non-colored sample has been applied or not. The device can also include a card holder, to e.g. facilitate automatized handling in racks etc. and it can include various forms of sampling features to facilitate the collection of the sample.

Other examples of stabilization matrix or stabilization components that can be used in the devices herein include, but are not limited to Gentegra-RNA, Gentegra-DNA (Gentegra, Pleasanton CA), as further illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 8,951,719; DNA Stable Plus, as further illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 8,519,125; RNAgard Blood System (Biomatria, San Diego, CA).

In some embodiments, the solid matrix can selectively stabilize blood plasma components. Plasma components can include cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, protein, hormones, and other metabolites, which can be selectively stabilized on the solid matrix. Plasma components can be isolated from whole blood and stabilized on a solid matrix. A solid matrix can be overlapping with or a component of a variety of different devices and techniques. Plasma components can be separated from whole blood samples using a variety of different devices and techniques. Techniques can include lateral flow assays, vertical flow assays, and centrifugation.

A solid matrix can be integrated with or a component of a variety of plasma separation devices or techniques. A solid matrix can be overlapping with or a component of a variety of different devices, such as a plasma separation membrane for example Vivid™ plasma separation membrane. A solid matrix can partially overlap with plasma separation device such as a plasma separation membrane. Examples of devices and techniques for plasma separation are disclosed in patents or patent publications, herein incorporated by reference, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,045,899; 5,906,742; 6,565,782; 7,125,493; 6,939,468; EP EP 0,846,024; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,440,306; 6,110,369; 5,979,670; 5,846,422; 6,277,281; EP 1,118,377; EP 0,696,935; EP 1,089,077, US 20130210078, US 20150031035.

In various devices and techniques, a separation membrane can be used. The separation membrane can be comprised of polycarbonate, glass fiber, or others recognized by one having skill in the art. Membranes can comprise a solid matrix. Membranes can have variable pore sizes. Separation membranes can have pore diameters of about 1 μm, about 2 μm, about 4 μm, about 6 μm, about 8 μm, about 10 μm, about 12 μm, about 14 μm, about 16 μm, about 18 μm, about 20 μm. A separation membrane can have pores with diameters of about 2 μm to about 4 μm. A separation membrane can have pores that are about 2 μm in diameter.

Plasma separation can be implemented for a wide variety of sample volumes. Plasma sample volumes can be variable depending on the application for which a solid matrix is used. Sample volumes can be greater than about 100 μL, about 150 μL, about 200 μL, about 250 μL, about 300 μL, about 350 μL, about 400 μL, about 450 μL, about 500 μL, about 550 μL, about 600 μL, about 650 μL, about 700 μL, about 750 μL, about 800 μL, about 850 μL, about 900 μL, about 950 μL, or about 1000 μL. Sample volumes can range from about 250 μL to about 500 μL.

Preparation of Bio-Components

In some embodiments the user or operator can remove components of the system for analysis, for example before sending the sample off to a facility for analysis. The facility can be a CLIA facility, a laboratory, medical office or external dedicated facility. At facility, the samples can be used in any diagnostic tests including but not limited to common panels, thyroid tests, cancer diagnostic tests, tests and screens for cardiovascular disease, genetic diseases/pre-natal testing and infectious disease. A non-limiting list of applicable tests is herein included as FIG. 7 with this filing.

The devices and systems for acquiring, collecting, separating and stabilizing samples can be modular; comprising distinct compartments or components. The distinct components can or can not be easily removed or separated. Separable or removable components can include the sample substrate, or a sample separation component.

The devices herein (e.g., sample acquisition components and sample stabilization component) can be transported together to a laboratory for further analysis, e.g., of the bio-components. Alternatively, the stabilization component (e.g., substrate or substrate) can be shipped without a sample acquisition component to a laboratory for further analysis of the bio-components. In some instances, treatment and analysis can be performed on the deployed device, systems or substrate, and either the stabilization component or a component of the device or system can be transported to a healthcare provider or other party interested in the results of the test. Once a bio-sample is received at a location for analysis, the substrate, or components of the sample separation component can be removed. These components can be tagged and/or labeled to indicate the composition or target component that is stabilized on the matrix. Using the tag as an identifier the membranes or substrates can be sorted and prepared for the target test.

Systems and processes for receiving and processing the samples can vary depending on the identity, stability, source or other features of the deployed samples. The quality of a bio-sample component can directly impact the quality, reproducibility and reliability of a diagnostic test result. The aforementioned systems, devices, and methods for sample acquisition, collection, stabilization, and optional separation, can impact the sample composition, stability, concentration, and processing. For example the volume, size, quantity, stability and purity of a bio-sample can vary depending on the sample source and the components used to collect the sample. The quality of the samples and by extension the quality of the diagnostic results can be specific the kits, systems, devices and methods for acquiring the sample; therefore, methods, kits, and systems are also disclosed for receiving, processing, treating and/or preparing components of the bio-sample prior to analysis.

Components processed from the sample can include but are not limited to DNA/RNA including cell-free DNA and circulating-tumor DNA, proteins, antigens, antibodies, lipids including HDL/LDL, and any combination thereof. The bio-sample or target components can be extracted using any of the conventional nucleic acid extraction methods. Non-limiting examples of extraction methods that can include but are not limited to, electroelution, gelatin extraction, silica or glass bead extraction, guanidine-thiocyanate-phenol solution extraction, guanidinium thiocyanate acid-based extraction, centrifugation through sodium iodide or similar gradient, centrifugation with buffer, or phenol-chloroform-based extraction. For nucleic acid analysis the extraction step can help remove impurities such as proteins and concentrate the circulating nucleic acids. Extracted circulating nucleic acids can be inspected using methods such as agarose gel electrophoresis, spectrophotometry, fluorometry, or liquid chromatography.

DNA or nucleotides extracted from the sample can be prepared at a lab facility using various methods for reducing error and producing significant signal with limited sample size. Nucleic acid samples can be treated or subjected to various methods for efficient amplification of the desired target nucleic acid (e.g., “DNA template” or “nucleic acid template”). Modified primers can be designed to minimize or prevent the production of unwanted primer-dimers and chimeric products observed with other nucleic acid amplification methods and kits. Novel primer design methods can avoid the production of spurious nucleic acid amplification products. The methods and kits described used for analyzing the sample can comprise “AT GenomiPhi.” ATGenomiPhi can use modified hexamers are of the general formula: +N+N(atN)(atN)(atN)*N, wherein “+” precedes an LNA base, as described above, and (atN) represents a random mixture of 2-amino-dA, dC, dG, and 2-thio-dT. Other hexamers can comprise the formula (atN)(atN)(atN)(atN)(atN)*N, wherein the notations are consistent between these two hexamer designs. The use of these hexamers in nucleic acid amplification techniques can address, minimize or eliminate the problems associated with the production of primer-dimer formation and chimeric nucleic acids observed in traditional methods by inhibiting the ability of the random hexamers to anneal with one another, by increasing the melting T in of the primers, improving the binding efficiency of the hexamer to the target nucleic acid via the addition of LNAs and 2-amino-dA to the primers, and preventing annealing of the target DNA to itself through the incorporation of 2-thio-di into the random hexamers. Moreover, the primer modifications can increase their binding strength to the target nucleic acid and permit the utilization of more stringent hybridization buffers that further minimize the likelihood of the production of primer-dimers and chimeric nucleic acid products. These and other methods of DNA amplification methods can be found, e.g., in US Appn. No. US20130210078.

DNA derived from a sample can be analyzed using one or more methods for generating single-stranded DNA circles from a biological sample. The laboratory analyzing the sample can use a method comprising the steps of: treating the biological sample with an extractant to release nucleic acids, thereby forming a sample mixture; neutralizing the extractant; denaturing the released nucleic acids to generate single-stranded nucleic acids; and contacting the single-stranded nucleic acids with a ligase that is capable of template-independent, intramolecular ligation of a single-stranded DNA sequence to generate single-stranded DNA circles. The steps of the method can be performed without any intermediate nucleic acid isolation or nucleic acid purification. In certain embodiments, the steps can be performed in a sequential manner in a single reaction vessel. In certain embodiments, the single-stranded DNA circles can be amplified to enable subsequent analysis of the biological sample. In certain embodiments, the sample mixture can be dried on solid matrix prior to the neutralizing step. In certain embodiments, damage to the DNA can be repaired enzymatically prior to the denaturing step. In other aspects, a method is provided for analyzing a sample, e.g., biological sample. Thus, the single-stranded DNA circles generated according to certain embodiments of the method are amplified, and the amplification product is analyzed. The analysis can be performed by, for example, targeted sequencing of the amplified product. In another aspect, a method is provided for detecting chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints from a biological sample. Thus, the single-stranded DNA circles generated according to certain embodiments described herein are amplified, and the amplification product is analyzed, e.g., by sequencing. Any chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints can be identified by comparing the sequences to a known reference sequence. In yet another aspect, a kit can be provided that comprises an extractant for treating a biological sample to release nucleic acids; a reagent for neutralizing the extractant; and a ligase that is capable of template-independent, intramolecular ligation of a single-stranded DNA sequence. These and other method of DNA amplification methods can be found, e.g., in PCT Appn. No. WO US2015/50760.

Methods for generating a single-stranded DNA circle from a linear DNA can be used on the collected sample. The methods can comprise steps for providing a linear DNA, end-repairing the linear DNA by incubating it with a polynucleotide kinase in the presence of a phosphate donor to generate a ligatable DNA sequence having a phosphate group at a 5′ terminal end and a hydroxyl group at a 3′ terminal end, and performing an intra-molecular ligation of the repaired, ligatable DNA sequence with a ligase in order to generate the single-stranded DNA circle. Steps can be performed in a single reaction vessel without any intervening isolation or purification steps. The phosphate donor can be a guanosine triphosphate (GTP) a cytidine triphosphate (CTP), a uridine triphosphate (UTP), a deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) or a combination thereof. The linear DNA can either be double-stranded or single-stranded DNA. DNA can be a segment of fragmented DNA such as circulating DNA. The ligatable DNA, if in double-stranded form, can need to be denatured prior to intra-molecular ligation reaction. A pre-adenylated ligase that is capable of template-independent, intra-molecular ligation of single-stranded DNA sequences can be employed for the ligation reaction. In other embodiments, the method for generating a single-stranded DNA circle from a linear DNA can employ a DNA pre-adenylation step prior to an intra-molecular ligation step. The linear DNA can optionally be incubated with a polynucleotide kinase in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to generate a ligatable DNA sequence that comprises a phosphate group at a 5′ terminal end and a hydroxyl group at a 3′ terminal end. Generation of a ligatable DNA sequence from the linear DNA can be preferred if the linear DNA is in a highly fragmented form. The linear DNA or the ligatable DNA sequence can then be incubated with an adenylating enzyme in presence of ATP to generate a 5′ adenylated DNA sequence. The adenylated DNA sequence can be incubated with a non-adenylated ligase, which is capable of template-independent intra-molecular ligation of the 5′ adenylated DNA sequence to generate the single-stranded DNA circle. All steps of the method can be performed in a single reaction vessel without any intervening isolation or purification steps. ATP can be removed from the reaction mixture (e.g., by treating the reaction mixture with a phosphatase) before the intra-molecular ligation reaction if the non-adenylated ligase is an ATP-dependent ligase. If the 5′ adenylated. DNA is in double-stranded form, it can need to be denatured prior to the intra-molecular ligation reaction. These and other method of DNA circularization and amplification methods can be found, e.g., in US Appn. No. US20150031086.

Sample treatment can involve steps to prepare RNA for analysis. The methods can involve the production of a nucleic acid structure and its subsequent use in the purification and amplification of nucleic acid. The methods can require a DNA sequence that comprises a double stranded region and a single stranded region. The single stranded region can be complementary to the RNA sequence of interest. The RNA sequence can then hybridized to the single stranded region of the DNA sequence and then the two sequences can be ligated to produce an RNA-DNA molecule. Methods can include steps whereby the 3′ end of RNA is ligated to a double stranded. DNA oligonucleotide containing a promoter sequence. This double stranded DNA oligonucleotide can contain a promoter for RNA polymerase within the double stranded region that is followed by a segment of single stranded DNA forming a 3′ overhang. When the 3′ overhang contains a string of thymidine residues, the single stranded portion of the double stranded DNA can hybridize to the 3′ end of messenger RNA (mRNA) poly(A) tails. After the addition of ligase mRNA can have one strand of double stranded DNA sequence ligated to the 3′ end. When an RNA polymerase is added, the RNA-DNA hybrid molecules can be efficiently transcribed to synthesize cRNA. As transcription reactions using RNA polymerase can transcribe each template multiple times, this method can allow for effective RNA amplification. Another method similar to that described above can involve the ligation of the DNA oligonucleotide to the RNA as described. However, the DNA oligonucleotide can either attach to a solid support or contain an affinity tag. This can allow for very efficient covalent attachment and/or capture of RNA molecules, which can be used for any of a variety of purposes. Additional methods can utilize ligation and subsequent transcription to create complementary RNA containing a user-defined sequence at the 5′ end of the cRNA. This sequence “tag” can be placed between the RNA polymerase promoter and the 3′ end of the ligated RNA molecule. The user-defined sequence can be used for purification or identification or other sequence specific manipulations of cRNA. If cRNA product is subsequently ligated and re-amplified according to the described method, the resulting doubly-amplified product can be “sense”, with respect to the original sense template and this new product can have two separate user-defined sequences located at the 5′ ends. These sequences can be used for synthesis of cDNA, allowing for full-length synthesis and directional cloning. Those skilled in the art will understand that either with or without the user defined sequences this double amplification method can provide a significant increase in RNA quantity, allowing for analysis of samples previously too small for consideration. These and other methods for amplification of DNA fragments can be found, e.g., in US Appn. No. US20080003602.

Additional methods for analysis of the bio-sample can focus on nucleic acids present in a region of interest in a biological sample, and provide protein expression information for many proteins as well as add to the DNA sequence information. Additional methods for sample analysis can focus on homogeneous subsection of a heterogeneous sample. Specific subpopulations of cells within mixed populations can be accurately identified from predetermined selection criteria and analyzed. Mutations can be identified, which can be useful for diagnosis and/or prognosis or for further investigation of drug targets. These and other methods for DNA amplification can be found, e.g., in PCT Appn. No. US2015/50760.

Elution of Nucleic Acids

In some cases, nucleic acids, e.g., DNA or RNA, in a sample (e.g., a biological sample), are applied to a stabilization matrix (e.g., nucleic acid stabilization matrix), the sample is optionally dried on the stabilization matrix, and the nucleic acid on the stabilization matrix, e.g., DNA or RNA, are eluted from the stabilization matrix. In some instances, a dried biological sample is stabilized on a stabilization matrix capable of stabilizing a nucleic acid, e.g., as described herein. In some instances, a method comprises the steps of: (a) contacting, e.g., spotting a sample, e.g., a biological sample, comprising a nucleic acid, e.g., DNA or RNA, on a nucleic acid stabilization matrix, (b) optionally drying the sample, e.g., biological sample, on the nucleic acid stabilization matrix, (c) optionally contacting the nucleic acid stabilization matrix comprising nucleic acid with a lysis buffer, (d) optionally contacting the nucleic acid stabilization matrix comprising nucleic acid with a nucleic acid binding buffer (optionally containing an organic solvent), e.g., by submerging the nucleic acid stabilization matrix comprising nucleic acid in the binding buffer; (e) optionally contacting the nucleic acid stabilization matrix comprising nucleic acid with a wash buffer, e.g., by submerging the nucleic acid stabilization matrix in the wash buffer, and (f) contacting the nucleic acid stabilization matrix comprising nucleic acid with an elution buffer, e.g., by submerging the nucleic acid stabilization matrix comprising nucleic acid in the elution buffer, to elute the nucleic acid from the stabilization matrix.

In some cases, nucleic acid, e.g., RNA or DNA, can be extracted from a stabilization matrix, e.g., a paper stabilization matrix, e.g., using an extraction buffer. The extracted nucleic acid, e.g., RNA or DNA, can be bound to a second matrix, e.g., a second solid support, e.g., beads, e.g., magnetic beads. The binding to a second matrix, e.g., a second solid support, e.g., beads, e.g., magnetic beads, can occur in a binding buffer. Nucleic acid, e.g., RNA or DNA, on the second matrix can be washed with one or more wash buffers. Nucleic acid on the second matrix can be treated with an enzyme solution comprising, e.g., a DNase, RNase, or protease, to degrade a specific type of molecule (e.g., RNA, DNA, or protein). Nucleic acid on the solid matrix can be eluted from the solid matrix using, e.g., an elution buffer.

The elution can be performed on at least a portion of the stabilization matrix comprising a sample, e.g., a dried biological sample. In some cases, a portion of the stabilization matrix can be separated from the rest of the stabilization matrix, e.g., a portion of a stabilization matrix can be punched out of the stabilization matrix, and nucleic acids in the separated portion can be eluted. The punches can be about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 mm in diameter. The punches can be from about 10 to about 60, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 40, from about 10 to about 30, from about 10 to about 20, from about 1 to about 10, from about 2 to about 9, from about 3 to about 8, from about 4 to about 7, from about 5 to about 6, from about 3 to about 6, from about 1 to about 4, from about 1 to about 3, or from about 1 to about 2 mm in diameter. In some cases, a stabilization matrix comprising nucleic acid is not separated into portions before the nucleic acid is eluted from the stabilization matrix.

In some cases, a nucleic acid stabilization matrix comprising nucleic acid can be contacted with a lysis buffer. In some cases, the binding and retention of a nucleic acid to a stabilization matrix can be enhanced through contacting the stabilization matrix with a binding buffer. In some cases, a portion of the stabilization matrix is contacted with a nucleic acid binding buffer. In some instances, the nucleic acid binding buffer can comprise beads. In some cases, the stabilization matrix is contacted with a wash buffer, e.g., to remove impurities. In some instances, the nucleic acid can be eluted by contacting the stabilization matrix with an elution buffer.

In some instances, the nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise a commercially available buffer. For instance, a buffer can comprise TRIzol® manufactured by Thermofisher®, Buffer RLT manufactured by Qiagen®, Buffer RLN manufactured by Qiagen®, RNA Lysis Buffer (RLA) manufactured by Promega, PureYield™ Cell Lysis Solution (CLA) manufactured by Promega, PureYield™ Endotoxin Removal Wash manufactured by Promega, PureZOL™ RNA isolation reagent (Bio-Rad™), RNA Lysis Buffer or DNA/RNA Binding Buffer manufactured by Zymo Research Corp, or RNA Capture Buffer manufactured by Pierce™.

In some instances, the nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise one or more buffering agents (or pH buffer), one or more salts, one or more reducing agents, one or more chelators, one or more surfactants, one or more enzymes, one or more protein denaturants, one or more blocking reagents, one or more organic solvents, or any combination thereof. For example, the nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise one or more protein denaturants and one or more reducing agents. The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise can comprise one or more protein denaturants, one or more reducing agents, and one or more enzymes. The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise one or more buffering agents, one or more protein denaturants, one or more reducing agents, and one or more enzymes. The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise one or more salts and one or more buffers. The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise one or more salts, one or more buffers, and one or more organic solvents. The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers and one or more enzymes. The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers and one or more chelating agents. The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers, one or more chelating agents, and one or more organic solvents.

The one or more buffering agents can be, e.g., saline, citrate, phosphate, phosphate buffered saline, acetate, glycine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris) hydrochloride, tris buffered saline (TBS), 3-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]propane-1-sulfonic acid (TAPS), bicine, tricine, 3-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonic acid (TAPSO), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid (TES), cacodylate, glycine, carbonate, or any combination thereof. The one or more buffering agents can be present at a concentration of from about 0.1 mM to about 500, from about 0.1 mM to about 400 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 300 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 200 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 100 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 50 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 25 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 20 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 15 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 10 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 5 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 4 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 3 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 2 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 1 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.9 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.8 mM, from about mM to about 0.7 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.6 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.5 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.4 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.3 mM, or from about 0.1 mM to about 0.2 mM. The buffering agent can be present at a concentration of less than 500 mM, less than 400 mM, less than 300 mM, less than 200 mM, less than 100 mM, less than 50 mM, less than 25 mM, less than 20 mM, less than mM, less than 10 mM, less than 5 mM, less than 4 mM, less than 3 mM, less than 2 mM, less than 1 mM, less than 0.9 mM, less than 0.8 mM, less than 0.7 mM, less than 0.6 mM, less than 0.5 mM, less than 0.4 mM, less than 0.3 mM, less than 0.2 mM, or less than 0.1 mM. The buffering agent can be present at a concentration of more than 500 mM, more than 400 mM, more than 300 mM, more than 200 mM, more than 100 mM, more than 50 mM, more than 25 mM, more than 20 mM, more than 15 mM, more than 10 mM, more than 5 mM, more than 4 mM, more than 3 mM, more than 2 mM, more than 1 mM, more than 0.9 mM, more than 0.8 mM, more than 0.7 mM, more than 0.6 mM, more than 0.5 mM, more than 0.4 mM, more than mM, more than 0.2 mM, or more than 0.1 mM.

The one or more salts can be, e.g., sodium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate, sodium bromide, potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium bisulfate, potassium bromate, potassium bromide, or potassium carbonate. The one or more salts can be at a concentration of about 0.1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 250 mM, 500 mM, 750 mM, or 1000 mM in a buffer. The one or more salts can be at a concentration of less than 0.1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 250 mM, 500 mM, 750 mM, or 1000 mM in a buffer. The one or more salts can be at a concentration of at least 0.1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 250 mM, 500 mM, 750 mM, or 1000 mM.

The one or more reducing agents can be, e.g., beta-mercaptoethanol (BME), 2-aminoethanethiol (2MEA-HCl (cysteamine-HCl)), dithiothreitol (DTT), glutathione (GSH), tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TECP), or any combination thereof. The concentration of the one or more reducing agents can be about 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 250 mM, or 500 mM. The concentration of the one or more reducing agents can be less than 0.5 mM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 250 mM, or 500 mM. For example, the concentration of DTT can be from about 0.05 mM to about 100 mM, from about 0.5 mM to about 50 mM, or from about 5 mM to about 10 mM. The concentration of TCEP can be from about 0.05 mM to about 50 mM, from about 0.5 mM to about 50 mM, or from about 0.5 mM to about 5 mM. The concentration of BME can be from about 0.05% to about 10%, from about 0.5% to about 5%, or from about 1% to about 10%. The concentration of GSH can be from about 0.05 mM to about 25 mM, from about 0.5 mM to about 10 mM, or from about 5 mM to about 10 mM. The concentration of the one or more reducing agents can be about 1 mM, 10 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 250 mM, or 500 mM.

The one or more chelators can be, e.g., a carbohydrate; a lipid; a steroid; an amino acid or related compound; a phosphate; a nucleotide; a tetrapyrrol; a ferrioxamines; an ionophor; a phenolic; or a synthetic chelator such as 2,2′-bipyridyl, dimercaptopropanol, ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylenedioxy-diethylene-dinitrilo-tetraacetic acid, ethylene glycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N,N′, N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a metal nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), salicylic acid, or triethanolamine (TEA). The concentration of the one or more chelating agents in a buffer can be about 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, or 25 mM. The concentration of the one or more chelating agents in a buffer can be less than 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, mM, or 25 mM. The concentration of the one or more chelating agents in a buffer can be more than 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 20 mM, or 25 mM.

The one or more surfactants can be, e.g., an anionic, cationic, nonionic or amphoteric type. The one or more surfactants can be polyethoxylated alcohols; polyoxyethylene sorbitan; octoxynol such as Triton X 100™ (polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether); polysorbates such as Tween™ 20 ((e.g., polysorbate 20) or Tween™ 80 (polysorbate 80); sodium dodecyl sulfate; sodium lauryl sulfate; nonylphenol ethoxylate such as Tergitol™; cyclodextrins; or any combination thereof. The one or more surfactants can be present at a concentration of less than 0.001%, less than 0.005%, less than 0.01%, less than less than 0.02%, less than 0.025%, less than 0.03%, less than 0.035%, less than 0.04%, less than less than 0.05%, less than 0.055%, less than 0.06%, less than 0.065%, less than 0.07%, less than less than 0.08%, less than 0.085%, less than 0.09%, less than 0.095%, less than 0.1%, less than less than 0.2%, less than 0.25%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.35%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.45%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.55%, less than 0.6%, less than 0.65%, less than 0.7%, less than 0.75%, less than 0.8%, less than 0.85%, less than 0.9%, less than 0.95%, or less than 0.1% by volume relative to the total volume of the elution buffer. The one or more surfactants can be at a concentration of about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, or 10%. The one or more surfactants can be at a concentration of less than 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 1%, 5%, or 10%. The one or more surfactants can be at a concentration of more than 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, or 10%.

The one or more protein denaturants can be, e.g., a chaotropic agent, e.g., a chaotropic salt. A chaotropic agent can be butanol, ethanol, guanidine chloride, guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine isothiocyanate, lithium perchlorate, lithium acetate, magnesium chloride, phenol, propanol, sodium iodide, sodium thiocyanate, thiourea, urea, or any combination thereof. The concentration of the chaotropic agent in a buffer can be about 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, 1 M, 6 M, or 8 M. The concentration of the chaotropic agent in a buffer can be at least 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, 1 M, 6 M, or 8 M. The concentration of the chaotropic agent in a buffer can be less than 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 100 mM, 1 M, 6 M, or 8 M.

The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer or elution buffer can further comprise one or more enzymes. A lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer or elution buffer can comprise DNase or RNase in amounts sufficient to remove DNA or RNA impurities, respectively, from each other. A lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer or elution buffer can comprise lysis enzymes such as hen egg white lysozyme, T4 lysozyme and the like, as well as enzymes such as carbohydrases, phytases, and proteases such as trypsin, Proteinase K, pepsin, chymotrypsin, papain, bromelain, subtilisin, or elastase. A protease can be a serine protease, a cysteine protease, a threonine protease, an aspartic protease, a glutamic protease, or a metalloprotease, or an asparagine peptide lyase.

The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer or elution buffer can be an aqueous solution having a pH from about 2 to about 10, from about 2 to about 9, from about 2 to about 8, from about 2 to about 7, from about 2 to about 6, from about 2 to about 5, from about 2 to about 4, or from about 2 to about 3. The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer or elution buffer can be an aqueous solution having a pH from about 6 to about 8, from about 6 to about 7.9, between about 6 to about 7.8, between about 6 to about 7.7, between about 6 to about 7.6, between about 6 to about 7.5, between about 6 to about 7.4, between about 6 to about 7.3, from about 6 to about 7.2, from about 6 to about 7.1, from about 6 to about 7, from about 6 to about 6.9, from about 6 to about 6.8, from about 6 to about 6.7, from about 6 to about 6.6, from about 6 to about 6.5, from about 6 to about 6.4, from about 6 to about 6.3, from about 6 to about 6.2, or from about 6 to about 6.1. The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer or elution buffer can be an aqueous solution having a pH of at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, or at least about 10.

The nucleic acid lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can further comprise additional ingredients. For example, a lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise a protein blocking agent that minimizes non-specific binding such as bovine serum albumin, fetal bovine serum, and the like. A lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise additional nucleic acids (to include DNA or RNA) from an organism distinct from the subject such as bacterial DNA, bacterial DNA, yeast DNA, yeast RNA, mammalian nucleic acids including primate nucleic acids such as human or chimpanzee DNA, or non-mammalian nucleic acids including nucleic acids from fish such as herring, mackerel, krill, or salmon DNA and the like.

A lysis buffer, binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can comprise an amount of one or more organic solvents, e.g., to enhance binding of a nucleic acid to the stabilization matrix. The one or more organic solvents can be methanol, ethanol, DMSO, DMF, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, t-butanol, or pentanol, acetone and the like. In some instances, a binding buffer can comprise less than 0.01%, less than 0.05%, less than 0.1%, less than 0.15%, less than 0.2%, less than 0.25%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.35%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.45%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.55%, less than 0.6%, less than less than 0.7%, less than 0.75%, less than 0.8%, less than 0.85%, less than 0.9%, less than 0.95%, less than 1%, less than 1.5%, less than 2%, less than 2.5%, less than 3%, less than 3.5%, less than 4%, less than 4.5%, less than 5%, less than 5.5%, less than 6%, less than 6.5%, less than 7%, less than 7.5%, less than 8%, less than 8.5%, less than 9%, less than 9.5%, less than 10%, less than 11%, less than 12%, less than 13%, less than 14%, less than 15%, less than 16%, less than 17%, less than 18%, less than 19%, less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, less than 55%, less than 60%, less than 65%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 95%, less than 99%, or 100% of an organic solvent by volume relative to the total volume of the solution. The organic solvent can be at a concentration of at least 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 50%, 75%, or 100%. The organic solvent can be at a concentration of about 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.

The stabilization matrix, or the portion of the stabilization matrix, can be contacted with a volume of the nucleic acid binding buffer, wash buffer or elution buffer of less than 5 μL, less than 10 μL, less than 15 μL, less than 20 μL, less than 25 μL, less than 30 μL, less than 35 μL, less than 40 μL, less than 45 μL, less than 50 μL, less than 55 μL, less than 60 μL, less than 65 μL, less than 70 μL, less than 75 μL, less than 80 μL, less than 85 μL, less than 90 μL, less than 95 μL, less than 100 μL, less than 110 μL, less than 120 μL, less than 130 μL, less than 140 μL, less than 150 μL, less than 160 μL, less than 170 μL, less than 180 μL, less than 190 μL, less than 200 μL, less than 250 μL, less than 300 μL, less than 350 μL, less than 400 μL, less than 450 μL, less than 500 μL, less than 550 μL, less than 600 μL, less than 650 μL, less than 700 μL, less than 750 μL, less than 800 μL, less than 850 μL, less than 900 μL, less than 950 μL, less than 1,000 μL, less than 1.5 mL, less than 2 mL, less than 2.5 mL, less than 3 mL, less than 3.5 mL, less than 4 mL, less than 4.5 mL, less than 5 mL, less than 5.5 mL, less than 6 mL, less than 6.5 mL, less than 7 mL, less than 7.5 mL, less than 8 mL, less than 8.5 mL, less than 9 mL, less than 9.5 mL, or less than 10 mL. The stabilization matrix, or portion of the stabilization matrix, can be contacted with about 0.1 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.5 mL, 0.7 mL, 1 mL, 2 mL, 5 mL, 7 mL, or 10 mL of buffer. The stabilization matrix, or portion of the stabilization matrix, can be contacted with at least 0.1 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.5 mL, 0.7 mL, 1 mL, 2 mL, 5 mL, 7 mL, or 10 mL of buffer.

The volume of binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer contacted with the stabilization matrix can be dependent on the surface area of the stabilization matrix. The amount of binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can be less than 1 μL/mm², less than 2 μL/mm², less than 3 μL/mm², less than 4 μL/mm², less than 5 μL/mm², less than 6 μL/mm², less than 7 μL/mm², less than 8 μL/mm², less than 9 μL/mm², less than 10 μL/mm², less than 12 μL/mm², less than 14 μL/mm², less than 16 μL/mm², less than 18 μL/mm², less than 20 μL/mm², less than 25 μL/mm², less than 30 μL/mm², less than 35 μL/mm², less than 40 μL/mm², less than 45 μL/mm², less than 50 μL/mm², less than 55 μL/mm², less than 60 μL/mm², less than 65 μL/mm², less than 70 μL/mm², less than 75 μL/mm², less than 80 μL/mm², less than 85 μL/mm², less than 90 μL/mm², less than 95 μL/mm², less than 100 μL/mm², less than 150 μL/mm², less than 200 μL/mm², less than 250 μL/mm², less than 300 μL/mm², less than 350 μL/mm², less than 400 μL/mm², less than 450 μL/mm², less than 500 μL/mm², less than 550 μL/mm², less than 600 μL/mm², less than 650 μL/mm², less than 700 μL/mm², less than 750 μL/mm², less than 800 μL/mm², less than 850 μL/mm², less than 900 μL/mm², less than 950 μL/mm², or less than 1,000 μL/mm². In some cases, the amount of binding buffer, wash buffer, or elution buffer can be from about 10 μL/mm² to about 1,000 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 900 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 800 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 700 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 600 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 500 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 400 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 300 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 200 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 100 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 90 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 80 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 70 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 60 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 50 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 40 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 30 μL/mm², or from about 10 μL/mm² to about 20 μL/mm².

The lysis, binding, washing or elution of the nucleic acid can be performed in the presence or absence of agitation from an agitation source. An agitation source can be a rocker, vortexer, mixer, shaker and the like. In some cases, an agitation source can be set to a constant speed. The speed can be less than 1 rotations per minute (rpm), less than 5 rpm, less than 10 rpm, less than 15 rpm, less than 20 rpm, less than 25 rpm, less than 30 rpm, less than 35 rpm, less than 40 rpm, less than 45 rpm, less than 50 rpm, less than 55 rpm, less than 60 rpm, less than 65 rpm, less than 70 rpm, less than 75 rpm, less than 80 rpm, less than 85 rpm, less than 90 rpm, less than 95 rpm, less than 100 rpm, less than 150 rpm, less than 200 rpm, less than 250 rpm, less than 300 rpm, less than 350 rpm, less than 400 rpm, less than 450 rpm, less than 500 rpm, less than 550 rpm, less than 600 rpm, less than 650 rpm, less than 700 rpm, less than 750 rpm, less than 800 rpm, less than 850 rpm, less than 900 rpm, less than 950 rpm, less than 1,000 rpm, less than 1,500 rpm, less than 2,000 rpm, less than 2,500 rpm, less than 3,000 rpm, less than 3,500 rpm, less than 4,000 rpm, less than 4,500 rpm, less than 5,000 rpm, less than 5,500 rpm, less than 6,000 rpm, less than 6,500 rpm, less than 7,000 rpm, less than 7,500 rpm, less than 8,000 rpm, less than 8,500 rpm, less than 9,000 rpm, less than 9,500 rpm, or less than rpm. The speed can be about 50 rpm 100 rpm, 200 rpm, 300 rpm, 400 rpm, 500 rpm, 600 rpm, 700 rpm, 800 rpm, 900 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, or 5000 rpm. The speed can be at least 50 rpm 100 rpm, 200 rpm, 300 rpm, 400 rpm, 500 rpm, 600 rpm, 700 rpm, 800 rpm, 900 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, or 5000 rpm.

The binding, washing or elution can be performed at a temperature of about 0° C., less than 1° C., less than 2° C., less than 3° C., less than 4° C., less than 5° C., less than 6° C., less than 7° C., less than 8° C., less than 9° C., less than 10° C., less than 11° C., less than 12° C., less than 13° C., less than 14° C., less than 15° C., less than 16° C., less than 17° C., less than 18° C., less than 19° C., less than 20° C., less than 21° C., less than 22° C., less than 23° C., less than 24° C., less than 25° C., less than 26° C., less than 27° C., less than 28° C., less than 29° C., less than 30° C., less than 31° C., less than 32° C., less than 33° C., less than 34° C., less than 35° C., less than 36° C., less than 37° C., less than 38° C., less than 39° C., less than 40° C., less than 45° C., less than 50° C., less than 55° C., less than 60° C., less than 65° C., less than 70° C., less than 75° C., less than 80° C., less than 85° C., less than 90° C., less than 95° C., or about 100° C. In some cases, the binding, washing or elution can be performed at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 100° C., from about 10° C. to about 95° C., from about 10° C. to about 90° C., from about 10° C. to about 85° C., from about 10° C. to about 80° C., from about 10° C. to about 75° C., from about 10° C. to about 70° C., from about 10° C. to about 65° C., from about 10° C. to about 60° C., from about 10° C. to about 55° C., or from about 10° C. to about 50° C. In some cases, the lysis, binding, washing or elution can be performed at a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 50° C., from about 20° C. to about 48° C., from about 20° C. to about 46° C., from about 20° C. to about 44° C., from about 20° C. to about 42° C., from about 20° C. to about 40° C., from about 20° C. to about 38° C., from about 20° C. to about 36° C., from about 20° C. to about 34° C., from about 20° C. to about 32° C., from about 20° C. to about 30° C., from about 20° C. to about 28° C., from about 20° C. to about 26° C., from about 20° C. to about 24° C., or from about 20° C. to about 22° C. The temperature can be about 10° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 37° C., 50° C., or 65° C.

The lysis, binding, washing or elution can be performed for less than 1, less than 5, less than 10, less than 15, less than 20, less than 25, less than 30, less than 35, less than 40, less than 45, less than 50, less than or less than 60 minutes. The binding, washing or elution can be performed for less than 0.5, less than 1, less than 1.5, less than 2, less than 2.5, less than 3, less than 3.5, less than 4, less than 4.5, less than 5, less than 5.5, less than 6, less than 6.5, less than 7, less than 7.5, less than 8, less than 8.5, less than 9, less than 9.5, less than 10, less than 10.5, less than 11, less than 11.5, or less than 12 hours, less than 18 hrs, less than 1 day, less than 1.5 days, less than 2 days, less than 2.5 days, less than 3 days, less than 3.5 days, less than 4 days, less than 4.5 days, less than 5 days, less than 5.5 days, less than 6 days, less than 6.5 days, or less than 7 days. The lysis, binding, washing, or elution can be performed for about 0.25 hr, 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 5 hr, 10 hr, 12 hr, 18 hr, 24 hr, 3 days, or 1 week, or more. The lysis, binding, washing, or elution can be performed for at least 0.25 hr, 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 5 hr, 10 hr, 12 hr, 18 hr, 24 hr, 3 days, or 1 week.

The eluted nucleic acid can be transferred to a container for storage or further processing, or can be transferred to an assay vessel for characterization.

Elution of Proteins

Protein can be eluted from a matrix, e.g., a matrix described herein. A sample, e.g., a biological sample, can be stabilized on a stabilization matrix capable of stabilizing a protein, e.g., as described herein, prior to elution. The elution can comprise contacting the stabilization matrix with an elution buffer. The contacting can comprise incubating (e.g., with agitation) the stabilization matrix in the elution buffer to elute the protein from the stabilization matrix. Before elution, the stabilization matrix can be contacted with a binding and or wash buffer.

The elution can be performed on at least a portion of the stabilization matrix comprising a sample, e.g., a dried biological sample. In some cases, a portion of the stabilization matrix can be separated from the rest of the stabilization matrix and used for further processing. In some cases, the portion is more than 5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, or 95% of the stabilization matrix. In some cases, the portion is less than 5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, or 95% of the stabilization matrix. The portion of a stabilization matrix can be punched out of the stabilization matrix, and proteins in the separated portions can be eluted. The portion separated for further processing can comprise 100%, or about 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, or less of a sample that was applied to the matrix. The punches can be about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 mm in diameter. The punches can be at most 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60 mm in diameter. The punches can be from about 10 to about 60, from about 10 to about 60, from about 10 to about 60, from about 10 to about 30, from about 10 to about 20, from about 1 to about 10, from about 2 to about 9, from about 3 to about 8, from about 4 to about 7, from about 3 to about 6, from about 4 to about 5, from about 1 to about 4, from about 1 to about 3, from about or from about 1 to about 2 mm in diameter. In some cases, a stabilization matrix comprising protein is not separated into portions before the nucleic acid is eluted from the stabilization matrix.

Protein can be eluted from the stabilization matrix, or portion of the stabilization matrix, by contacting the stabilization matrix, or portion of the stabilization matrix, with an appropriate elution buffer. The elution buffer can comprise one or more buffering agents, one or more surfactants, one or more polyols, one or more salts, one or more blocking agents, one or more reducing agents, one or more organic solvents, one or more chelating agents, one or more salts, e.g., described herein, or any combination thereof. For example, the elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers and one or more polyols. The elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers and one or more surfactants. The elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers and one or more salts. The elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers and one or more reducing agents. The elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers, one or more surfactants, and one or more polyols. The elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers, one or more surfactants, and one or more salts. The elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers, one or more salts, and one or more reducing agents. The elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers, one or more surfactants, and one or more chelating agents. The elution buffer can comprise one or more buffers, one or more salts, one or more reducing agents, one or more chelating agents, one or more surfactants, and one or more polyols.

The one or more buffering agents can be, e.g., saline, citrate, phosphate, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), acetate, glycine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (tris) hydrochloride, tris buffered saline (TBS), 3-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]propane-1-sulfonic acid (TAPS), bicine, tricine, 3-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonic acid (TAPSO), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), piperazine-N,N′-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid (TES), cacodylate, glycine, carbonate, or any combination thereof. The buffering agent can be present at a concentration of from about mM to about 500, from about 0.1 mM to about 400 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 300 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 200 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 100 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 50 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 25 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 20 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 15 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 10 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 5 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 4 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 3 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 2 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 1 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.9 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.8 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.6 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.5 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.4 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 0.3 mM, or from about 0.1 mM to about 0.2 mM. The buffering agent can be present at a concentration of less than 500 mM, less than 400 mM, less than 300 mM, less than 200 mM, less than 100 mM, less than 50 mM, less than 25 mM, less than 20 mM, less than 15 mM, less than mM, less than 5 mM, less than 4 mM, less than 3 mM, less than 2 mM, less than 1 mM, less than 0.9 mM, less than 0.8 mM, less than 0.7 mM, less than 0.6 mM, less than 0.5 mM, less than 0.4 mM, less than 0.3 mM, less than 0.2 mM, or less than 0.1 mM. The buffering agent can be present at about 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 10 mM, mM, or 50 mM. The buffering agent can be present at at least 0.1 mM, 1 mM, 10 mM, 25 mM, or 50 mM.

A one or more surfactants can be, e.g., an anionic, cationic, nonionic or amphoteric type. The one or more surfactants can be, e.g., polyethoxylated alcohols; polyoxyethylene sorbitan; octoxynol such as Triton X 100™ (polyethylene glycol p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether); polysorbates such as Tween™ 20 ((e.g., polysorbate 20) or Tween™ 80 (polysorbate 80); sodium dodecyl sulfate; sodium lauryl sulfate; nonylphenol ethoxylate such as Tergitol™; cyclodextrins; or any combination thereof. Each of the one or more surfactants can be present at a concentration of less than 0.001%, less than 0.005%, less than 0.01%, less than 0.015%, less than 0.02%, less than 0.025%, less than 0.03%, less than 0.035%, less than 0.04%, less than 0.045%, less than 0.05%, less than 0.055%, less than 0.06%, less than 0.065%, less than 0.07%, less than less than 0.08%, less than 0.085%, less than 0.09%, less than 0.095%, less than 0.1%, less than less than 0.2%, less than 0.25%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.35%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.45%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.55%, less than 0.6%, less than 0.65%, less than 0.7%, less than 0.75%, less than 0.8%, less than 0.85%, less than 0.9%, less than 0.95%, less than 0.1%, less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 3% or by volume relative to the total volume of the elution buffer. The one or more surfactants can be present at a concentration of about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, or 10%. The one or more surfactants can be present at a concentration of at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, or 10%. The one or more surfactants can be present at a concentration of from about 0.01% to 1%, from about 0.05% to 1%, from about to 1%, from about 0.15% to 1%, from about 0.2% to 1%, from about 0.25% to 1%, from about 0.3% to 1%, from about 0.35% to 1%, from about 0.4% to 1%, from about 0.45% to 1%, from about 0.5% to 1%, from about 0.55% to 1%, from about 0.6% to 1%, from about 0.65% to 1%, from about 0.7% to 1%, from about 0.75% to 1%, from about 0.8% to 1%, from about 0.85% to 1%, from about 0.9% to 1%, or from about to 1%,

The elution buffer can be an aqueous solution having a pH from about 2 to about 10, from about 2 to about 9, from about 2 to about 8, from about 2 to about 7, from about 2 to about 6, from about 2 to about 5, from about 2 to about 4, or from about 2 to about 3. The elution buffer can be an aqueous solution having a pH from about 6 to about 8, from about 6 to about 7.9, from about 6 to about 7.8, from about 6 to about 7.7, from about 6 to about 7.6, from about 6 to about 7.5, from about 6 to about 7.4, from about 6 to about 7.3, from about 6 to about 7.2, from about 6 to about 7.1, from about 6 to about 7, from about 6 to about 6.9, from about 6 to about 6.8, from about 6 to about 6.7, from about 6 to about 6.6, from about 6 to about 6.5, from about 6 to about 6.4, from about 6 to about 6.3, from about 6 to about 6.2, or from about 6 to about 6.1. The elution buffer can be an aqueous solution having a pH of at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about 9, or at least about 10. The pH can be about 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, or 8.5.

In some instances, the one or more polyols can be a glycol such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, or a glycol polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) of various weights such as PEG300, PEG400, PEG600, PEG1000, PEG3000, and PEG6000. In some instances, the one or more polyols can be a sugar. In some cases, the sugar can be sucrose, glucose, fructose, trehalose, maltose, galactose, lactose or any combination thereof. In some instances, the one or more polyols can be a sugar alcohol. In some cases, the sugar alcohol can be glycerol, erythritol, threitol, xylitol, sorbitol and the like.

The one or more salts can be sodium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bisulfate, sodium bromide, potassium chloride, potassium acetate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium bisulfate, potassium bromate, potassium bromide, or potassium carbonate. The one or more salts can be at a concentration of about 0.1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 250 mM, 500 mM, or 750 mM.

The one or more salts can be at a concentration of less than 0.1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 250 mM, 500 mM, or 750 mM. The one or more salts can be at a concentration of at least 0.1 mM, 5 mM, 10 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 250 mM, 500 mM, 750 mM, or 1000 mM.

The one or more blocking agents can be bovine serum albumin, fetal bovine serum, and the like.

The one or more organic solvents can be, e.g., methanol, ethanol, DMSO, DMF, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, t-butanol, or pentanol, acetone and the like. The elution buffer can comprise less than 0.01%, less than 0.05%, less than 0.1%, less than 0.15%, less than 0.2%, less than 0.25%, less than 0.3%, less than 0.35%, less than 0.4%, less than 0.45%, less than 0.5%, less than 0.55%, less than 0.6%, less than 0.65%, less than 0.7%, less than 0.75%, less than 0.8%, less than 0.85%, less than less than 0.95%, less than 1%, less than 1.5%, less than 2%, less than 2.5%, less than 3%, less than 3.5%, less than 4%, less than 4.5%, less than 5%, less than 5.5%, less than 6%, less than 6.5%, less than 7%, less than 7.5%, less than 8%, less than 8.5%, less than 9%, less than 9.5%, less than 10%, less than 11%, less than 12%, less than 13%, less than 14%, less than 15%, less than 16%, less than 17%, less than 18%, less than 19%, less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, less than 55%, less than 60%, less than 65%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 95%, less than 99%, or 100% of an organic solvent by volume relative to the total volume of the solution. The concentration of the one or more organic solvents in the elution buffer can be at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 50%, 75%, or 100%. The concentration of the one or more organic solvents in the elution buffer can be about 1%, 5%, 10%, 50%, 75%, or 100%

The stabilization matrix, or portion of the stabilization matrix, can be contacted with a volume of the elution buffer of about, or less than 5 μL, less than 10 μL, less than 15 μL, less than 20 μL, less than 25 μL, less than 30 μL, less than 35 μL, less than 40 μL, less than 45 μL, less than 50 μL, less than 55 μL, less than μL, less than 65 μL, less than 70 μL, less than 75 μL, less than 80 μL, less than 85 μL, less than 90 μL, less than 95 μL, less than 100 μL, less than 110 μL, less than 120 μL, less than 130 μL, less than 140 μL, less than 150 μL, less than 160 μL, less than 170 μL, less than 180 μL, less than 190 μL, less than 200 μL, less than 250 μL, less than 300 μL, less than 350 μL, less than 400 μL, less than 450 μL, less than 500 μL, less than 550 μL, less than 600 μL, less than 650 μL, less than 700 μL, less than 750 μL, less than 800 μL, less than 850 μL, less than 900 μL, less than 950 μL, less than 1,000 μL less than 1.5 mL, less than 2 mL, less than 2.5 mL, less than 3 mL, less than 3.5 mL, less than 4 mL, less than 4.5 mL, less than 5 mL, less than 5.5 mL, less than 6 mL, less than 6.5 mL, less than 7 mL, less than 7.5 mL, less than 8 mL, less than 8.5 mL, less than 9 mL, less than 9.5 mL, or less than 10 mL. The stabilization matrix, or portion of the stabilization matrix, can be contacted with about 0.1 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.5 mL, 0.7 mL, 1 mL, 2 mL, 5 mL, 7 mL, or 10 mL, or more of elution buffer. The stabilization matrix, or portion of the stabilization matrix, can be contacted with at least mL, 0.2 mL, 0.5 mL, 0.7 mL, 1 mL, 2 mL, 5 mL, 7 mL, or 10 mL of elution buffer.

The volume of elution contacted with the stabilization matrix can be dependent on the surface area of the stabilization matrix. The amount of elution buffer can be less than 1 μL/mm², less than 2 μL/mm², less than 3 μL/mm², less than 4 μL/mm², less than 5 μL/mm², less than 6 μL/mm², less than 7 μL/mm², less than 8 μL/mm², less than 9 μL/mm², less than 10 μL/mm², less than 12 μL/mm², less than 14 μL/mm², less than 16 μL/mm², less than 18 μL/mm², less than 20 μL/mm², less than 25 μL/mm², less than 30 μL/mm², less than 35 μL/mm², less than 40 μL/mm², less than 45 μL/mm², less than 50 μL/mm², less than 55 μL/mm², less than 60 μL/mm², less than 65 μL/mm², less than 70 μL/mm², less than 75 μL/mm², less than 80 μL/mm², less than 85 μL/mm², less than 90 μL/mm², less than 95 μL/mm², less than 100 μL/mm², less than 150 μL/mm², less than 200 μL/mm², less than 250 μL/mm², less than 300 μL/mm², less than 350 μL/mm², less than 400 μL/mm², less than 450 μL/mm², less than 500 μL/mm², less than 550 μL/mm², less than 600 μL/mm², less than 650 μL/mm², less than 700 μL/mm², less than 750 μL/mm², less than 800 μL/mm², less than 850 μL/mm², less than 900 μL/mm², less than 950 μL/mm², or less than 1,000 μL/mm². In some cases, the amount of elution buffer can be from about 10 μL/mm² to about 1,000 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 900 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 800 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 700 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 600 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 500 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 400 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 300 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 200 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 100 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 90 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 80 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 70 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 60 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 50 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 40 μL/mm², from about 10 μL/mm² to about 30 μL/mm², or from about 10 μL/mm² to about 20 μL/mm².

The protein can be eluted from the stabilization matrix by incubating the stabilization matrix in the elution buffer in the presence or absence of agitation from an agitation source. An agitation source can be a rocker, vortexer, mixer, shaker and the like. In some cases, an agitation source can be set to a constant speed. The speed can be less than 1 rotations per minute (rpm), less than 5 rpm, less than 10 rpm, less than 15 rpm, less than 20 rpm, less than 25 rpm, less than 30 rpm, less than 35 rpm, less than 40 rpm, less than 45 rpm, less than 50 rpm, less than 55 rpm, less than 60 rpm, less than 65 rpm, less than 70 rpm, less than 75 rpm, less than 80 rpm, less than 85 rpm, less than 90 rpm, less than 95 rpm, less than 100 rpm, less than 150 rpm, less than 200 rpm, less than 250 rpm, less than 300 rpm, less than 350 rpm, less than 400 rpm, less than 450 rpm, less than 500 rpm, less than 550 rpm, less than 600 rpm, less than 650 rpm, less than 700 rpm, less than 750 rpm, less than 800 rpm, less than 850 rpm, less than 900 rpm, less than 950 rpm, less than 1,000 rpm, less than 1,500 rpm, less than 2,000 rpm, less than 2,500 rpm, less than 3,000 rpm, less than 3,500 rpm, less than 4,000 rpm, less than 4,500 rpm, less than 5,000 rpm, less than 5,500 rpm, less than 6,000 rpm, less than 6,500 rpm, less than 7,000 rpm, less than 7,500 rpm, less than 8,000 rpm, less than 8,500 rpm, less than 9,000 rpm, less than 9,500 rpm, or less than 10,000 rpm. The speed can be about 50 rpm 100 rpm, 200 rpm, 300 rpm, 400 rpm, 500 rpm, 600 rpm, 700 rpm, 800 rpm, 900 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, or 5000 rpm. The speed can be at least 50 rpm 100 rpm, 200 rpm, 300 rpm, 400 rpm, 500 rpm, 600 rpm, 700 rpm, 800 rpm, 900 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, or 5000 rpm.

The elution can be performed at a temperature of about 0° C., less than 1° C., less than 2° C., less than 3° C., less than 4° C., less than 5° C., less than 6° C., less than 7° C., less than 8° C., less than 9° C., less than 10° C., less than 11° C., less than 12° C., less than 13° C., less than 14° C., less than 15° C., less than 16° C., less than 17° C., less than 18° C., less than 19° C., less than 20° C., less than 21° C., less than 22° C., less than 23° C., less than 24° C., less than 25° C., less than 26° C., less than 27° C., less than 28° C., less than 29° C., less than 30° C., less than 31° C., less than 32° C., less than 33° C., less than 34° C., less than 35° C., less than 36° C., less than 37° C., less than 38° C., less than 39° C., less than 40° C., less than 45° C., less than 50° C., less than 55° C., less than 60° C., less than 65° C., less than 70° C., less than 75° C., less than 80° C., less than 85° C., less than 90° C., less than 95° C., or about 100° C. The elution can be performed at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 100° C., from about 10° C. to about 95° C., from about 10° C. to about 90° C., from about 10° C. to about ° C., from about 10° C. to about 80° C., from about 10° C. to about 75° C., from about 10° C. to about 70° C., from about 10° C. to about 65° C., from about 10° C. to about 60° C., from about 10° C. to about 55° C., from about 10° C. to about 50° C. from about 20° C. to about 50° C., from about 20° C. to about 48° C., from about 20° C. to about 46° C., from about 20° C. to about 44° C., from about 20° C. to about 42° C., from about 20° C. to about 40° C., from about 20° C. to about 38° C., from about 20° C. to about 36° C., from about 20° C. to about 34° C., from about 20° C. to about 32° C., from about 20° C. to about 30° C., from about 20° C. to about 28° C., from about 20° C. to about 26° C., from about 20° C. to about 24° C., or from about 20° C. to about 22° C. The elution be performed at about 10° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 37° C., 50° C., or 65° C.

The elution (e.g., agitation) can be performed for less than 1, less than 5, less than 10, less than 15, less than 20, less than 25, less than 30, less than 35, less than 40, less than 45, less than 50, less than 55, or less than 60 minutes. The elution can be performed for less than 0.5, less than 1, less than 1.5, less than 2, less than 2.5, less than 3, less than 3.5, less than 4, less than 4.5, less than 5, less than 5.5, less than 6, less than 6.5, less than 7, less than 7.5, less than 8, less than 8.5, less than 9, less than 9.5, less than 10, less than 10.5, less than 11, less than 11.5, or less than 12 hours. The elution can be performed for less than 0.1 days, less than 0.2 days, less than 0.3 days, less than 0.4 days, less than 0.5 days, less than 0.6 days, less than 0.7 days, less than 0.8 days, less than 0.9 days, less than 1 days, less than 1.5 days, less than 2 days, less than 2.5 days, less than 3 days, less than 3.5 days, less than 4 days, less than 4.5 days, less than 5 days, less than 5.5 days, less than 6 days, less than 6.5 days, or less than 7 days. The elution (e.g., agitation) can be performed for about 0.25 hr, 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 5 hr, 10 hr, 12 hr, 18 hr, 24 hr, 3 days, or 1 week. The elution (e.g., agitation) can be performed for at least 0.25 hr, 0.5 hr, 1 hr, 2 hr, 5 hr, 10 hr, 12 hr, 18 hr, 24 hr, 3 days, or 1 week. Table 1 lists examples of protein elution buffers.

TABLE 1 Examples of protein elution buffers Buffer 1 TBS 0.1% Triton-X 10 mM 0.5 mM 100 DTT EDTA Buffer 2 TBS 0.1% Triton-X 100 Buffer 3 TBS 0.5 mM EDTA Buffer 4 TBS 10 mM DTT Buffer 5 25 mM Tris 100 mM 0.1% Triton-X pH 7.0 KCl 100 Buffer 6 25 mM Tris 50 mM 10 mM 0.5 mM pH 7.5 NaCl DTT EDTA Buffer 7 25 mM Tris 0.1% Triton-X pH 7.6 100 Buffer 8 25 mM Tris 10 mM pH 8.0 DTT Buffer 9 25 mM 100 mM 0.05% Tween HEPES KCl 20 Buffer 10 25 mM 50 mM HEPES NaCl Buffer 11 10 mM 0.1% Tween HEPES 80 Buffer 12 10 mM HEPES Buffer 13 PBS 0.05% Tween 20 Buffer 14 PBS 10 mM DTT Buffer 15 PBS 0.5 mM EDTA Buffer 16 PBS 0.1% Tween 80 Buffer 17 50 mM Tris 25 mM 0.05% Tween pH 7.5 KCl 20 Buffer 18 50 mM Tris 25 mM 0.1% Tween pH 7.0 KCl 80 Buffer 19 50 mM Tris 100 mM 0.5 mM pH 8.0 NaCl EDTA Buffer 20 50 mM Tris 150 mM pH 8.5 NaCl

The eluted protein can be transferred to a container for storage or further processing, or can be transferred to an assay vessel for characterization.

Uses of Matrices

A sample can be applied to one matrix (e.g., one layer). A sample can be applied to a top matrix, and at least part of the sample can contact a second matrix, e.g., a second matrix below the top matrix. Matrices can be stacked, e.g., with about, or at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, or 100 layers. The stack can comprise the same matrix, e.g., each matrix in the stack can have the same composition. The stack can comprise matrices with different compositions, e.g., a matrix configured for stabilizing a nucleic acid can be on top of a matrix configured to stabilize protein, or vice versa. The types of matrices in the stack an alternate; e.g., a matrix configured to stabilize a protein, a matrix configured to stabilize a nucleic acid, followed by a matrix configured to stabilize a protein, etc. The volume applied to a top matrix can pass through at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 layers of matrices. Using multiple matrices can increase yield of recovery of a desired biomolecule, e.g., nucleic acid or polypeptide.

A sample can pass through a plurality of matrices, but the matrices do not contact each other. For example, a sample can be applied to a matrix configured to stabilize a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid can be eluted from the matrix configured to stabilize the nucleic acid and be applied to a matrix configured to stabilize a protein. The matrix configured to stabilize the protein can be used, e.g., to remove contaminates, e.g., protein contaminates from the nucleic acid. A sample can be applied to a matrix configured to stabilize a protein, and the protein can be eluted from the matrix configured to stabilize the protein and be applied to a matrix configured to stabilize a nucleic acid. The matrix configured to stabilize the nucleic acid can be used, e.g., to remove contaminates, e.g., nucleic acid contaminates, from the protein.

Examples Example 1: Methods and Kits for Tagged Sample Collection and Preparation

Sample acquisition and stabilization components are deployed to end users. The sample stabilization components are specifically configured for a designated set of diagnostic tests; in particular they are configured for specific target component. For example, DNA, RNA and protein target components each have different substrate composition and identifying color. Tests configured for an RNA target component have a red stabilization matrix, tests configured for DNA have a green stabilization matrix, and tests configured for a protein target component have a blue stabilization matrix. Furthermore, each deployed system has a unique barcode; this barcode is used to sort and separate the samples by type (RNA/DNA/Protein) for batching of the samples, and for connecting the sample results with the identifying information corresponding to the donor from which the sample came. The sample stabilization components have multiple barcode labels, one that remains permanently fixed to the sample stabilization component and several removable adhesive labels for easy processing. The labels display the unique barcode associated with the deployed system. After the sample acquisition and stabilization system has been used to acquire the sample, the system is returned to a facility where it is collected. The fixed barcode is used to mechanically separate the received systems by substrate type. For example, all the sample stabilization components with red stabilization matrix are collected together and assembled into batches of 96. Assays are performed based on the sample color tag. A batch of 96 red samples are collected together, two labels from each of the samples are transferred to two sets 96 RNAse-free tubes each assembled in order based on the order they were scanned in. Each rack of 96 labeled sample tubes are set-up and organized identically. The sample stabilization components for each of the 96 samples is opened in the order they were scanned in and the red colored substrate is removed and placed, like a filter, onto a rim disposed within the RNAse-free sample tubes with the corresponding sample barcode label. This is done until the substrate for each of the 96 samples is in the correctly labeled and corresponding 96 sample tubes. A “red kit” designed for the target components from the red substrate is opened, revealing red-topped containers of RNase-free PCR buffers, reagents and other molecular components, the bottles each have step numbers on them as well, so that they can be easily and quickly used to perform the different treatment steps for the red samples. An aliquot of the “step 1 red reagent” is added to the top of the red colored substrate in each of the 96 labeled tubes, the tubes are closed and the reagents are left for a few minutes to soak into the substrate. After the reagents and buffers have soaked in, the sample is centrifuged—driving the contents of the substrate into the liquid solution that forms at the bottom of the sample tube. Another aliquot of the “step 1 red reagent” is added again to the top of the substrate and the centrifugation is repeated. The tubes are opened and the solid substrate is removed from each sample; then an aliquot of “step 2 red reagent”, comprising a buffered solution containing DNA molecules that are partially double-stranded with a single stranded region that is complementary to target component RNA, is added to the liquid solution. The tubes are closed and placed in a PCR machine at a temperature that encourages Brownian motion without inducing denaturation of the double stranded DNA molecule; at this temperature RNA from the substrate hybridizes with the single stranded region of the DNA molecule. The DNA molecule has a promoter for RNA polymerase within the double stranded region and the 3′ overhang of the single stranded region has a string of thymidine residues. The poly(A) tails of the 3′end of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the red substrate hybridize with the thymine residue overhangs of the DNA molecule. The tubes are then opened and an aliquot of the “step 3 red reagent” comprising ligase enzymes and buffer, is added to the tube. The samples are heated and ligation occurs between the mRNA and the double stranded DNA molecule, forming a double stranded RNA-DNA molecule with the entire mRNA incorporated as one strand of the molecule. The tube is opened and an aliquot of “step 4 red reagent” comprising RNA polymerase is added to each of the 96 tubes, the tubes are closed and 32 PCR cycles of repeated denaturation and annealing are run on the sample to amplify the RNA templates and produce a library of anti-sense cRNA. An aliquot of the amplified cRNA PCR product is transferred to each of the corresponding 96 empty labeled sample tubes, and an aliquot of “step 1 red reagent” is added to the second rack of 96 empty labeled tubes. Steps 2-4 are repeated resulting in ligation and polymerization, this time the resulting in sense strands of the mRNA. These sense strands are then sequenced using standard sequencing protocols, the results are analyzed using standard gene expression profile methods and the barcode number is used as an identifier to determine the donor associated with the given results.

Other kits for performing similar batches of analysis also available; a green kit works for green substrate components which selectively stabilize DNA and blue kits work for blue substrate components which selectively stabilize proteins. Different methods are used to treat samples from each of these different substrates.

Example 2: Kit with Lancet and Tourniquet with Sample Separation Component

A kit is deployed to an end user or donor. The kit comprises a crystalline-activated pouch for warming hands, a lancet, a tourniquet, alcohol pads, gauze, pressure activated lancet, a self-filling capillary and a sample stabilization component with integrated sample separation unit and sample stabilization matrix. The end user warms donor hands to encourage stimulation of blood flow prior to lancing; this is accomplished by activating a crystalline-activated hand-warmer pouch and holding it between digits of the hand. The donor's hands are relaxed and positioned below the heart and muscles, while the donor sits comfortably in a chair with hand and arms loosely positioned on the arm of the chair. A tourniquet is placed on the donor's non-dominant hand and a site is selected on the donor's middle finger A rubber band tourniquet is wrapped around the last digit of the finger and then twisted to continue to loop around the finger several times creating a tourniquet. A loop is left available for easy removal. Pressure builds at the fingertip and the fingertip appear slightly red and engorged. Sterilization of the sample site is done; first a side of the fingertip is chosen and then an alcohol pad is swiped past the area before the area is dried with a piece of sterile gauze. The donor holds and pulls on the free loop of the tourniquet during lancing. Lancing process can depend on the type and source of lancet provided. The protective cap of the lancet is removed and the lancet is placed toward the side of the sterilized finger. The lancet is placed to avoid the center of the fingertip, which is calloused and contains a higher density of nerve endings. The lancet is pressed down until the spring in the lancet is engaged and a clicking noise is heard indicating that the skin has been pierced. The first evidence of blood is immediately removed after lancing, and mild but constant pressure is applied to the finger A self-filling capillary is held horizontal to the incision site and touched against the forming blood droplet using the self-filling capillary (e.g. Microsafe®, Safe-Tec Clinical Products, LLC, Ivyland PA), the capillary self-fill to a black line printed on the plastic shaft and then self-stops. A plastic bulb is present, and it is not depressed during the filling step. When the collected blood reaches the black line and stops filling, pressure is be withdrawn from the fingertip, and the free loop of the rubber band is released to reduce the pressure of the finger tourniquet. Blood is dispensed to the sample stabilization component; the sample stabilization component is placed on a flat surface, and the blood on the outside of the capillary is wiped with clean with sterile gauze. The filled capillary is held upright over the bottom of the sample stabilization component and the collected sample is being dispensed slowly and evenly pressing on a plastic bulb of the filled capillary. The capillary is fixed in place over the bottom of the sample stabilization component while dispensing. The capillary is discarded when all blood is dispensed onto the sample stabilization component. Post-procedure, the blood sampling component is left undisturbed while the finger tourniquet is completely removed and the incision site is cleaned. Pressure is applied to the incision using sterile gauze to stop bleeding and the hand is raised above the heart to assist in clotting. The sample stabilization component is left undisturbed for approximately 5-10 minutes post-procedure and observed to determine if the blood drop is still raised on the filter and if filter still appears “wet.” In this case a separation component is used, so the raised “wet” droplet of blood is observed, and then straw-color plasma starts to appear on the top of the sample separation component. The appearance of sample separation is used to indicate that the sample can be placed back into a storage container. The blood sampling component is labeled using a barcode label, and left at room temperature. The storage container is sealed and deposited in the mail.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein can be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. 

1. A method comprising: obtaining a device comprising: (a) one or more piercing elements configured to penetrate skin of a subject to expose blood; (b) a plunger configured to drive the one or more piercing elements into the skin of the subject; and (c) a collection chamber for collecting the blood; applying the device to the skin of the subject; actuating the plunger to cause the one or more piercing elements to pierce the skin of the subject; creating a vacuum upon withdrawal of the one or more piercing elements from the skin; and collecting greater than 100 μL of the blood in the collection chamber to provide collected blood.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the collected blood with a stabilizing reagent that preserves the blood for transport or storage.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the blood with silica.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the blood with one or more salts.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the collected blood with one or more chelating agents.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the one or more chelating agents comprise ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid (EDTA).
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising contacting the collected blood with a polymer.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more piercing elements comprise a microneedle.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more piercing elements are configured to minimize physical pain to the subject.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more piercing elements are configured to allow for shallow penetration of the skin.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the collecting comprises collecting less than 1 mL of the blood.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the collecting comprises collecting less than 500 μL of the blood.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the collecting comprises collecting less than 200 μL of the blood.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a body comprising a base comprising at least one aperture.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more piercing elements are configured to pass through the at least one aperture in the base when the plunger is actuated.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises identifying information.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a barcode.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a color label.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the collected blood comprises one or more analytes, and wherein the one or more analytes comprise nucleic acid.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the nucleic acid comprises RNA or DNA.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the collected blood comprises one or more analytes.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more analytes comprise protein.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the one or more analytes comprise nucleic acid.
 24. The method of claim 21, further comprising performing an assay for the one or more analytes.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the performing an assay is at a location remote from a site of the collecting.
 26. The method of claim 1, further comprising sequencing a nucleic acid from the collected blood or amplified product thereof.
 27. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing a component from the device following the collecting.
 28. The method of claim 1, further comprising using the collected blood for a diagnostic test.
 29. The method of claim 1, further comprising using the collected blood for a panel.
 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the diagnostic test is for a genetic disease.
 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the diagnostic test comprises pre-natal screening. 